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69 result(s) for "Dietrich, Hans-Peter"
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Forest tree growth is linked to mycorrhizal fungal composition and function across Europe
Most trees form symbioses with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) which influence access to growth-limiting soil resources. Mesocosm experiments repeatedly show that EMF species differentially affect plant development, yet whether these effects ripple up to influence the growth of entire forests remains unknown. Here we tested the effects of EMF composition and functional genes relative to variation in well-known drivers of tree growth by combining paired molecular EMF surveys with high-resolution forest inventory data across 15 European countries. We show that EMF composition was linked to a three-fold difference in tree growth rate even when controlling for the primary abiotic drivers of tree growth. Fast tree growth was associated with EMF communities harboring high inorganic but low organic nitrogen acquisition gene proportions and EMF which form contact versus medium-distance fringe exploration types. These findings suggest that EMF composition is a strong bio-indicator of underlying drivers of tree growth and/or that variation of forest EMF communities causes differences in tree growth. While it may be too early to assign causality or directionality, our study is one of the first to link fine-scale variation within a key component of the forest microbiome to ecosystem functioning at a continental scale.
Environment and host as large-scale controls of ectomycorrhizal fungi
Explaining the large-scale diversity of soil organisms that drive biogeochemical processes—and their responses to environmental change—is critical. However, identifying consistent drivers of belowground diversity and abundance for some soil organisms at large spatial scales remains problematic. Here we investigate a major guild, the ectomycorrhizal fungi, across European forests at a spatial scale and resolution that is—to our knowledge—unprecedented, to explore key biotic and abiotic predictors of ectomycorrhizal diversity and to identify dominant responses and thresholds for change across complex environmental gradients. We show the effect of 38 host, environment, climate and geographical variables on ectomycorrhizal diversity, and define thresholds of community change for key variables. We quantify host specificity and reveal plasticity in functional traits involved in soil foraging across gradients. We conclude that environmental and host factors explain most of the variation in ectomycorrhizal diversity, that the environmental thresholds used as major ecosystem assessment tools need adjustment and that the importance of belowground specificity and plasticity has previously been underappreciated. Analyses of data from 137 forest plots across 20 European countries show that ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity is strongly influenced by environmental and host species factors and provide thresholds to inform ecosystem assessment tools
Concept and feasibility study for the integrated evaluation of environmental monitoring data in forests
In the 1970s unexpected forest damages, called “new type of forest damage” or “forest decline”, were observed in Germany and other European countries. The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Federal States implemented a forest monitoring system in the early 1980s, in order to monitor and assess the forest condition. Due to the growing public awareness of possible adverse effects of air pollution on forests, in 1985 the ICP Forests was launched under the convention on long-range transboundary air pollution (CLRTAP) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE). The German experience in forest monitoring was a base for the implementation of the European monitoring system. In 2001 the interdisciplinary case study “concept and feasibility study for the integrated evaluation of environmental monitoring data in forests”, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, concentrated on in-depths evaluations of the German data of forest monitoring. The objectives of the study were: (a) a reliable assessment of the vitality and functioning of forest ecosystems, (b) the identification and quantification of factors influencing forest vitality, and (c) the clarification of cause-effect-relationships leading to leaf/needle loss. For these purposes additional data from external sources were acquired: climate and deposition, for selected level I plots tree growth data, as well as data on groundwater quality. The results show that in particular time series analysis (crown condition, tree growth, and tree ring analysis), in combination with climate and deposition are valuable and informative, as well as integrated evaluation of soil, tree nutrition and crown condition data. Methods to combine information from the extensive and the intensive monitoring, and to transfer process information to the large scale should be elaborated in future.
Environment and host as large-scale controls of ectomycorrhizal fungi
Explaining the large-scale diversity of soil organisms that drive biogeochemical processes--and their responses to environmental change--is critical. However, identifying consistent drivers of belowground diversity and abundance for some soil organisms at large spatial scales remains problematic. Here we investigate a major guild, the ectomycorrhizal fungi, across European forests at a spatial scale and resolution that is--to our knowledge--unprecedented, to explore key biotic and abiotic predictors of ectomycorrhizal diversity and to identify dominant responses and thresholds for change across complex environmental gradients. We show the effect of 38 host, environment, climate and geographical variables on ectomycorrhizal diversity, and define thresholds of community change for key variables. We quantify host specificity and reveal plasticity in functional traits involved in soil foraging across gradients. We conclude that environmental and host factors explain most of the variation in ectomycorrhizal diversity, that the environmental thresholds used as major ecosystem assessment tools need adjustment and that the importance of belowground specificity and plasticity has previously been underappreciated.
Author Correction: Environment and host as large-scale controls of ectomycorrhizal fungi
Change history: In the HTML version of this Article, author ‘Filipa Cox’ had no affiliation in the author list, although she was correctly associated with affiliation 3 in the PDF. In addition, the blue circles for ‘oak’ were missing from Extended Data Fig. 1. These errors have been corrected online.
Beurteilung des Ozonrisikos für die Waldregionen Bayerns am Beispiel des Jahres 2002 und des Extremtrockenjahres 2003 auf der Basis der externen Ozonexposition und der internen Ozonaufnahme
Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Ziel Auch in Zukunft wird die Belastung der Wälder Bayerns durch erhöhte bodennahe Ozonkonzentrationen und vermehrte Sommertrockenheit infolge des Klimawandels zunehmen. Für ein solches Szenario werden Ertragseinbußen prognostiziert. Die Wirtschaftsbaumart Buche ( Fagus sylvatica L.) wird im Klimawandel aufgrund ihrer breiten ökologischen Amplitude als sehr anpassungsfähig eingeschätzt, wegen der Kombinationswirkung der Einflussgrößen Trockenheit und Ozonbelastung ist die Buche jedoch besonders hohen Risiken ausgesetzt. Ziel der Studie ist es, das überregionale Risiko für Bayerns Wälder durch die Ozonbelastung anhand verschiedener Bewertungskonzepte insbesondere in einem extremen Trockenjahr am Beispiel 2003 im Vergleich mit einem klimatisch durchschnittlichen, eher feuchten Jahr (2002) zu ermitteln. Darüber hinaus werden die verwendeten Bewertungskonzepte diskutiert und Weiterentwicklungen für eine mehr standortspezifische Risikobeurteilung empfohlen. Material und Methoden Die Untersuchung wurden an elf bayerischen Waldklimastationen und zwei forstlichen Forschungsstandorten durchgeführt, welche das Spektrum typischer Waldbestände in unterschiedlichen Höhenlagen, bei unterschiedlichen Temperatur- und Niederschlagsverhältnissen in Bayern repräsentieren. Für die Ozonrisikobewertung wurden die derzeit üblichen Bewertungsstandards verwendet, welche entweder auf der Berechnung der kumulativen externen Ozonexponierung (externe O 3 -Exposition) basieren (MPOC, Critical Level AOT40 phen ) oder welchen die Berechnung der ozonflussbasierten und phytomedizinisch relevanten Ozonaufnahme über die Stomata, d. h. der tatsächlichen Ozondosis, zugrunde liegt (Critical Level AF st>1,6, ). Zudem wurden ozonbedingte Blattsymptome erhoben. Die zugrunde gelegte Datenbasis greift auf kontinuierlich aufgezeichnete Ozonkonzentrationen und meteorologische Daten von Waldstandorten und möglichst nahe gelegenen Luftüberwachungsstationen zurück. Ergebnisse Für Bayerns Wälder konnte gemäß der Ergebnisse sowohl zu den expositionsbasierten Indices AOT40 phen und MPOC als auch zum ozonflussbasierten Index AF st>1.6 ein hohes Risiko für ozonbedingte Wuchsbeeinträchtigung während des klimatisch durchschnittlichen, eher feuchten Jahres 2002 und im extremen Trockenjahr 2003 festgestellt werden. Die Schwellenwerte der verwendeten Konzepte wurden in beiden Jahren auf allen Flächen, meist schon zu Beginn der Vegetationszeit, deutlich überschritten. Die ermittelten Schwellenwertüberschreitungen der Critical-Level-Konzepte prognostizieren 5 %ige Wachstumseinbußen. Es konnten nur vereinzelt sehr geringfügig ausgeprägte ozonbedingte Schadsymptome an Blättern festgestellt werden. Diskussion Gegenüber den Indices zur Bestimmung der externen Ozonexposition zeigte jener des internen Ozonflusses bei Trockenheit deutliche Unterschiede bei der Einschätzung des Risikos: Während die externe Ozonexposition über das gesamte Flächenspektrum ein hohes Risiko anzeigte, war die tatsächlich über die Stomata aufgenommene Ozondosis und somit das Risiko auf allen Flächen in beiden Untersuchungsjahren auf trockenen Standorten bei langanhaltender Wasserlimitierung deutlich geringer als an feuchten Standorten. Die Wasserverfügbarkeit im Boden war für die tatsächlich aufgenommene Ozondosis ausschlaggebend. Aus der ozonflussbasierten Modellierung geht somit hervor, dass es, je nach Wasserverfügbarkeit, sowohl zu synergistischen als auch zu antagonistischen Wirkungen von Trockenheit und Ozonbelastung auf die Bäume kommen kann. An wasserlimitierten, trockeneren Standorten ist eine eingeschränkte Transpiration, gleichzeitig aber auch eine geringe Ozonaufnahme zu erwarten. Folgerungen, Empfehlungen und Ausblick Die Bestimmung der tatsächlichen Ozondosis infolge der Ozonaufnahme durch die Spaltöffnungen ist für eine realistische standortspezifische Risikoeinschätzung besser geeignet als jene der externen Ozonexposition und wird zur Verwendung bei Risikobewertungen empfohlen. Die prognostizierten 5 %igen Wachstumseinbußen stehen zunächst im Widerspruch zu den allseits beobachteten Zuwachssteigerungen in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten. Eine flächendeckende und statistisch abgesicherte Überprüfung des Ozonrisikos auf den Zuwachs steht ebenso aus wie eine gezielte Validierung von aktuellen Ozonrisikoschwellenwerten und deren Anwendbarkeit im Freiland. Spezifische Zuwachsanalysen von neu erhobenen und retrospektiven Daten könnten diese Lücke füllen. Als neuartiger Ansatz liefert die auf Xylemflussmessung gestützte Ermittlung der Bestandestranspiration standortspezifische Ursache–Wirkungs-bezogene Ergebnisse sowohl zur Ozonaufnahme als auch zum Wasserverbrauch von Waldbeständen und somit schließlich auch für die realistische Einschätzung des regionalen O 3 -Risikos. Wesentliche zukünftige Ziele sind die Verbesserung der Ozonflussmodellierung durch Einbeziehung boden- bzw. wasserhaushaltsrelevanter Standortseigenschaften sowie die oben erwähnte verbesserte Abschätzung der Kronen- bzw. Bestandestranspiration. Außerdem ist die Etablierung von standort- bzw. klimaspezifischen Schwellenbereichen für Waldbäume und deren Validierung in realen Waldbeständen eine dringende Notwendigkeit für die Entwicklung aussagekräftiger Modellvorhersagen für das O 3 -Risiko für Wälder.
BRIEF: UN human rights commissioner condemns violence in Libya, Syria
The council is also due to address the human rights situation in Belarus during its current session, which lasts several weeks.
Sex differences in the development of experimental diabetic retinopathy
This study aimed to characterize the role of female sex in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. In the retinae of female Ins2Akita -diabetic mice (F-IA), ovariectomized female Ins2Akita -diabetic mice (F-IA/OVX), male Ins2Akita -diabetic mice (M-IA), and female STZ-diabetic mice (F-STZ), the formation of reactive metabolites and post-translational modifications, damage to the neurovascular unit, and expression of cellular stress response genes were analyzed. Compared to the male diabetic retina, the concentrations of the glycation adduct fructosyl-lysine, the Maillard product 3-deoxyglucosone, and the reactive metabolite methylglyoxal were significantly reduced in females. In females, there was also less evidence of diabetic damage to the neurovascular unit, as shown by decreased pericyte loss and reduced microglial activation. In the male diabetic retina, the expression of several members of the crystallin gene family (Cryab, Cryaa, Crybb2, Crybb1, and Cryba4) was increased. Clinical data from type 1 diabetic females showed that premenopausal women had a significantly lower prevalence of diabetic retinopathy compared to postmenopausal women stratified for disease duration and glycemic control. These data emphasize the importance of estradiol in protecting the diabetic retina and highlight the pathogenic relevance of sex in diabetic retinopathy.
Comparison of different optomotor response readouts for visual testing in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-optic neuritis
Optomotor response is increasingly used in preclinical research for evaluating the visual function in rodents. However, the most suitable measuring protocol for specific scientific questions is not always established. We aimed to determine the optimal parameters for visual function analysis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis optic neuritis (EAEON), an animal model for multiple sclerosis. Contrast sensitivity as well as spatial frequency both had a low variance and a good test-retest reliability. Also, both parameters were able to differentiate between the EAEON and the control group. Correlations with the retinal degeneration, assessed by optical coherence tomography, the infiltration of immune cells, and the clinical disability score revealed that spatial frequency was superior to contrast sensitivity analysis. We therefore conclude that spatial frequency testing is better suited as visual acuity assessment in C57Bl/6 J EAEON mice. Furthermore, contrast sensitivity measurements are more time consuming, possibly leading to more stress for the animals.
The DPP4 Inhibitor Linagliptin Protects from Experimental Diabetic Retinopathy
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, however, their influence on the retinal neurovascular unit remains unclear. Vasculo- and neuroprotective effects were assessed in experimental diabetic retinopathy and high glucose-cultivated C. elegans, respectively. In STZ-diabetic Wistar rats (diabetes duration of 24 weeks), DPP4 activity (fluorometric assay), GLP-1 (ELISA), methylglyoxal (LC-MS/MS), acellular capillaries and pericytes (quantitative retinal morphometry), SDF-1a and heme oxygenase-1 (ELISA), HMGB-1, Iba1 and Thy1.1 (immunohistochemistry), nuclei in the ganglion cell layer, GFAP (western blot), and IL-1beta, Icam1, Cxcr4, catalase and beta-actin (quantitative RT-PCR) were determined. In C. elegans, neuronal function was determined using worm tracking software. Linagliptin decreased DPP4 activity by 77% and resulted in an 11.5-fold increase in active GLP-1. Blood glucose and HbA1c were reduced by 13% and 14% and retinal methylglyoxal by 66%. The increase in acellular capillaries was diminished by 70% and linagliptin prevented the loss of pericytes and retinal ganglion cells. The rise in Iba-1 positive microglia was reduced by 73% with linagliptin. In addition, the increase in retinal Il1b expression was decreased by 65%. As a functional correlate, impairment of motility (body bending frequency) was significantly prevented in C. elegans. Our data suggest that linagliptin has a protective effect on the microvasculature of the diabetic retina, most likely due to a combination of neuroprotective and antioxidative effects of linagliptin on the neurovascular unit.