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"Diggle, Tim"
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Superhuman trafficking
\"Simon Baz and Jessica Cruz, two Earthbound Green Lanterns, discover an interplanetary superhuman-trafficking network preying on superheroes looking for love and romance on an unassuming dating app. With their hearts and heads on the line, these Green Lanterns may need more than willpower to win this fight in Green Lanterns Vol. 7! Simon and Jessica have tracked the criminal ring to a religious organization buried deep in the Horsehead Nebula. What does the Order of the Steed need with superheroes from Earth? As Simon and Jess try to ward off the encroaching members of the Order of the Steed, High Rider Griva enacts his plan with the Earth heroes. With the power of hundreds of superheroes coursing through their leader, the Order of the Steed make their final march against the universe!\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Co-producing an intervention to prevent mental health problems in children and young people in contact with child welfare services
Background
Children and young people (CYP) in contact with child welfare services are at high risk of developing mental health problems. There is a paucity of evidenced-based preventative interventions provided to this population.
Objective
This project worked in partnership with CYP, their parents/caregivers and the professionals who support them to co-produce a preventative mental health intervention for CYP in contact with child welfare services.
Participants and setting
We recruited a purposive sample of CYP in contact with child welfare services (
n
= 23), parents/caregivers (
n
= 18) and practitioners working within child welfare services and mental health services (
n
= 25) from the North East of England and convened co-production workshops (
n
= 4).
Methods
This project followed the established principles for intervention development, applying the six steps to quality intervention development (6SQUID) approach. The mixed method research consisted of four work packages with continuous engagement of stakeholders throughout the project. These were: a systematic review of reviews; focus groups with practitioners; interviews with parents/caregivers and CYP; co-production workshops.
Results
We identified that the primary risk factor affecting CYP in contact with child welfare services is the experience of childhood adversity. The quality of relationships that the CYP experiences with both their parent/caregivers and the professionals involved in their care are considered to be the main factors amenable to change.
Conclusions
We found that a trauma-informed, activity-based intervention with an embedded family-focused component provided to CYP who have experienced adversity is most likely to prevent mental health problems in those in contact with child welfare services.
Journal Article
Pneumococcal Conjugate and Plain Polysaccharide Vaccines Have Divergent Effects on Antigen-Specific B Cells
Background. A 23-valent unconjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23vP), routinely administered at the age of 65, has limited effectiveness, and revaccination induces attenuated antibody responses. It is not known whether pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugated vaccines (PCV), although highly effective in infants, offer any immunological advantages over 23vP in adults. Methods. We immunized adults with schedules combining both PCV and 23vP and investigated B-cell responses to establish whether PCV7 (a 7-valent PCV) induced T-dependent responses in adults, to assess the role of memory B cells in 23vP-induced antibody hyporesponsiveness, and to identify the B-cell subtypes involved. Results. A single dose of PCV7 induced significant increases in serotype-specific memory B-cell populations in peripheral blood indicating a T-dependent response. Conversely, immunization with 23vP resulted in a decrease in memory B-cell frequency. Furthermore, memory B-cell responses to subsequent immunization with PCV7, when given after 23vP, were attenuated. Notably, B1b cells, a subset important in protecting mice against pneumococci, were also depleted following immunization with 23vP in humans. Conclusions. This study indicates that PCV7 may have an immunological advantage over 23vP in adults and that 23vP-induced depletion of memory and B1b-cell subsets may provide a basis for antibody hyporesponsiveness and the limited effectiveness of 23vP. Clinical Trials Registration. ISRCTN: 78768849.
Journal Article
A Randomized Study Comparing Combined Pneumococcal Conjugate and Polysaccharide Vaccination Schedules in Adults
Background. The widely used 23-valent plain polysaccharide vaccine (23vP) has limited effectiveness, produces short-lived immune responses, and induces attenuated antibody production after subsequent challenge with pneumococcal vaccines. Our goal was to examine whether priming with the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) could enhance the immunogenicity of 23vP for the PCV7 serotypes and to investigate whether 23vP induced hyporesponsiveness could be overcome using PCV7. Methods. We conducted an open-label randomized study that compared 3 vaccine schedules, each of which consisted of 2 doses of PCV7 and 1 dose of 23vP (23vP-PCV7-PCV7, PCV7-23vP-PCV7, PCV7-PCV7-23vP) administered over a 1-year period in a cohort of 348 adults 50-70 years of age. All vaccines were administered intramuscularly and were given 6 months apart. Blood samples were obtained prior to and 1 month after each vaccination. Results. 23vP administered after priming with 2 doses of PCV7 produced significantly higher antibody concentrations for 3 of the 7 PCV7 serotypes, compared with vaccination with a single dose of 23vP; however, the same immunogenicity could be achieved with a single dose of PCV7. Prior vaccination with 23vP attenuated the antibody response to subsequent PCV7, which was not restored by additional doses of PCV7. Conclusion. In adults, vaccination schedules combining PCV7 and 23vP do not provide improved immunogenicity over the use of a single dose of 23vP for most of the serotypes contained in PCV7.
Journal Article
Mutations in MEGF10, a regulator of satellite cell myogenesis, cause early onset myopathy, areflexia, respiratory distress and dysphagia (EMARDD)
Markus Schuelke, Colin Johnson and colleagues report the identification of mutations in
MEGF10
that cause infantile myopathy with diaphragmatic weakness, areflexia, respiratory distress and dysphagia.
Infantile myopathies with diaphragmatic paralysis are genetically heterogeneous, and clinical symptoms do not assist in differentiating between them. We used phased haplotype analysis with subsequent targeted exome sequencing to identify
MEGF10
mutations in a previously unidentified type of infantile myopathy with diaphragmatic weakness, areflexia, respiratory distress and dysphagia.
MEGF10
is highly expressed in activated satellite cells and regulates their proliferation as well as their differentiation and fusion into multinucleated myofibers, which are greatly reduced in muscle from individuals with early onset myopathy, areflexia, respiratory distress and dysphagia.
Journal Article
Trends in serotypes and sequence types among cases of invasive pneumococcal disease in Scotland, 1999–2010
•PCV7 was introduced for routine use in Scotland in 2006.•Analysis of serotype and sequence type distributions in IPD pre and post PCV7 use.•Serotype changes may be driven by pre-PCV7 serotype and sequence type associations.•Implications for possible effects of introducing higher valency vaccines.•Could aid in predicting replacement serotypes in disease.
The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevenar®, Wyeth; PCV7) was introduced to the UK paediatric immunisation schedule in 2006. This study investigates trends in serotypes and multi locus sequence types (STs) among cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Scotland prior to, and following, the introduction of PCV7.
Scottish Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Enhanced Surveillance has records of all cases of IPD in Scotland since 1999. Cases diagnosed from blood or cerebrospinal fluid isolates until 2010 were analysed. Logistic and poisson regression modelling was used to assess trends prior to and following the introduction of PCV7.
Prior to PCV7 use, on average 650 cases of IPD were reported each year; 12% occurred in those aged <5 years and 35% affected those aged over 65 years. Serotypes in PCV7 represented 47% of cases (68% in <5 year olds). The serotype and ST distribution was relatively stable with only serotype 1 and associated ST 306 showing an increasing trend. PCV7 introduction was associated with a 69% (95% CI: 50%, 80%) reduction in the incidence of IPD among those aged <5 years, a 57% (95% CI: 47%, 66%) reduction among those aged 5–64 years but no significant change among those aged 65 years and over where increases in non-PCV7 serotypes were observed. Serotypes which became more prevalent post-PCV7 are those which were associated with STs related to the PCV7 serotypes.
Routine serotyping and sequence typing in Scotland allowed the assessment of the relationship between the capsule and the clones in the post vaccination era. Changes in the distribution of serotypes post PCV7 introduction appear to be driven by associations between serotypes and STs prior to PCV7 introduction. This has implications for the possible effects of the introduction of higher valency vaccines and could aid in predicting replacement serotypes in IPD.
Journal Article
Predicting regional-scale spread of ascospores of Didymella pinodes causing ascochyta blight disease on field pea
Ascochyta blight is the most destructive foliar pathogen of field peas. The amount of yield loss resulting from the disease in Australia is mainly driven by primary infection from wind-borne ascospores of
Didymella pinodes
. In this study, a model was developed to predict the spread of ascospores from the ascochyta blight infected field pea stubble of previous season’s crops. The model was adapted from a previously developed spatiotemporal model and calibrated with field experimental data consisting of release events of ascospores of
D
.
pinodes
from known source for 21 consecutive weeks, under natural environmental conditions, in a 400 m by 400 m area. The model was then applied in a 30.9 km by 36.8 km area in a major field pea growing region of Western Australia to show the magnitude and spatial diversity of the dispersal of ascospores, generated in previous season’s field pea stubble, could differ between growing seasons. This simulation was only tested subjectively. It is concluded that a properly validated simulation of this type has potential for understanding the value of physical separation of the current season field pea crop from previous season’s stubble, visualising the scale and diversity of ascospore dispersal as an educational tool for growers and consultants, and deriving the “magic figure” of the intensity of field pea area that could result in the presence of ascospores everywhere in a region.
Journal Article
G1 Blackspot Manager model predicts the maturity and release of ascospores in relation to ascochyta blight on field pea
A simple model, G1 Blackspot Manager, has been developed to predict the seasonal pattern of release of ascospores in relation to ascochyta blight in field pea. The model considers a combination of two weather factors, daily mean temperature and daily total rainfall, to drive progress of maturity of pseudothecia on infested field pea stubble from past crops. Each day is categorised as suitable or not suitable for continuation of the maturation process. The onset of pseudothecial maturity has been found to take place when approximately ten suitable days have occurred. Following the onset of maturity, ascospore release is triggered when daily rainfall exceeds a threshold. The model was satisfactorily calibrated using three datasets from Western Australia. The calibrated model performed well when independently tested with 21 datasets, 17 from Western Australia and 4 from South Australia. It is concluded that G1 Blackspot Manager model has the potential to be used to formulate sowing guides for field pea in southern Australia that minimise the risk of ascochyta blight.
Journal Article