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\"For the past thirty years, Mr. and Mrs. Jha's lives have been defined by cramped spaces, cut corners, gossipy neighbors, and the small dramas of stolen yoga pants and stale marriages. They thought they'd settled comfortably into their golden years, pleased with their son's acceptance into an American business school. But then Mr. Jha comes into an enormous and unexpected sum of money, and moves his wife from their housing complex in East Delhi to the super-rich side of town, where he becomes eager to fit in as a man of status: skinny ties, hired guards, shoe-polishing machines, and all. The move sets off a chain of events that rock their neighbors, their marriage, and their son, who is struggling to keep a lid on his romantic dilemmas and slipping grades, and brings unintended consequences, ultimately forcing the Jha family to reckon with what really matters\" -- provided by publisher.

Natural language processing (NLP) has recently gained much attention for representing and analyzing human language computationally. It has spread its applications in various fields such as machine translation, email spam detection, information extraction, summarization, medical, and question answering etc. In this paper, we first distinguish four phases by discussing different levels of NLP and components of N atural L anguage G eneration followed by presenting the history and evolution of NLP. We then discuss in detail the state of the art presenting the various applications of NLP, current trends, and challenges. Finally, we present a discussion on some available datasets, models, and evaluation metrics in NLP.

Cognitive impairment, associated with ageing, stress, hypertension and various neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy, is a major health issue. The present review focuses on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), since it is the most important cause of cognitive impairment. It is characterized by progressive memory loss, language deficits, depression, agitation, mood disturbances and psychosis. Although the hallmarks of AD are cholinergic dysfunction, β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangle formation, it is also associated with derangement of other neurotransmitters, elevated levels of advanced glycation end products, oxidative damage, neuroinflammation, genetic and environmental factors. On one hand, this complex etiopathology makes a response to commonly used drugs such as donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine and memantine less predictable and often unsatisfactory. On the other hand, it supports the use of herbal medicines due to their nonspecific antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and specific cholinesterase inhibitory activity. The popularity of herbal medicines is also increasing due to their perceived effectiveness, safety and affordability. In the present article, the experimental and clinical evidence have been reviewed for various Indian herbal medicines such as Centella asiatica, Bacopa monnieri, Curcuma longa, Clitoria ternatea, Withania somnifera, Celastrus paniculatus, Evolvulus alsinoides, Desmodium gangeticum, Eclipta alba, Moringa oleifera and Convolvulus pluricaulis, which have shown potential in cognitive impairment. Some commonly available herbal formulations for memory impairment in India have also been reviewed.

BackgroundStudies of plant extract-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles is extensively explored and studied in recent time due to eco-friendly, cost-effectiveness and minimal use of toxic chemicals for synthesis. In this study, the synthesis of Ag–TiO2 nanocomposites (NCs) was carried out using Origanum majorana leaf extract under ultrasound irradiation. Origanum majorana leaf extract plays an important role as reducing and capping agent in synthesis of Ag–TiO2 nanocomposites (NCs). The antimicrobial activities of synthesised Ag–TiO2 NCs have been studied against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In addition to this, the antioxidant activity of green Ag–TiO2 NCs was also evaluated on the basis of free radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and hydrogen peroxide free radicals.ResultsGreen-synthesised Ag–TiO2 NCs were successfully characterised on the basis of UV–Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results revealed the spherical shape of nanocomposite with an average size 25–50 nm. The synthesised Ag–TiO2 NCs have showed significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger in comparison to TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). The antioxidant evaluation of biomimetic synthesised Ag–TiO2 NCs also exhibited strong activity than TiO2 NPs and comparable to standard.ConclusionGreen-synthesized Ag–TiO2 NCs provide a promising approach that can satisfy the requirement of large-scale industrial production bearing the advantage of low cost, eco-friendly and reproducible.

Childhood stunting remains a premier global public health challenge, with progress recently plateauing. Despite this, certain 'Success Outliers' defined in this study as nations that have achieved an Average Annual Rate of Reduction (AARR) ≥ 4.0% demonstrate that accelerated progress is achievable even in high-burden contexts. The primary objectives of this study are (1) to evaluate the global association between initial stunting burden and the velocity of progress, measured by the Average Annual Rate of Reduction (AARR); (2) to characterize temporal shifts in age-specific growth dynamics among 'Success Outlier' nations defined here as those achieving an AARR ≥ 4.0%; and (3) to measure the evolution of wealth-based stunting inequalities using the Concentration Index. This study analyzed six 'Success Outlier' nations - Albania, Armenia, Bolivia, Peru, Tajikistan, and Turkey; selected based on an Average Annual Rate of Reduction (AARR) ≥ 4.0%. The analysis utilized a pooled dataset of 142,028 children from Demographic and Health Surveys (1992-2023). We employed non-parametric Kernel-weighted local-mean regressions (lpoly) to estimate age-specific stunting trajectories and calculated the Concentration Index (CI) to evaluate longitudinal shifts in socioeconomic inequality. The six selected \"Success Outliers\" achieved an Actual Annual Average Rate of Reduction (AARR) ≥ 4.0%, led by Albania (6.3%) and Turkey (5.54%), which significantly outperformed the global median AARR of 2.24%. High-resolution analysis shows Peru reduced peak stunting from nearly 50% in 1992 to approximately 20% by 2012 by flattening the growth failure curve between 6 and 24 months. Socioeconomic equity improved most notably in Peru, where the Concentration Index (CI) shifted from - 0.312 to - 0.214, and Turkey, where it moved from - 0.285 to - 0.182. Accelerated stunting reduction is fundamentally characterized by a \"vertical upward shift\" in the entire age-specific growth distribution. While the \"first 1000 days\" remains a vital window, sustaining high reduction velocities requires nutritional and environmental support that extends into the third year of life to prevent the persistent \"deep dip\" seen in stagnant contexts. Furthermore, the stability of the Concentration Index in \"Success Outlier\" nations suggests that rapid progress is only achievable when child growth is structurally decoupled from socioeconomic status.

Depression is a debilitating mood disorder affecting millions worldwide and continues to pose a significant global health burden. Due to the multifaceted nature of depression, the current treatment regimens are not up to mark in terms of their multitargeting potential and least side effect profile. Molecules within the isoflavone class demonstrate promising potential in alleviating depression and associated conditions, offering a multifaceted approach to manage mental health concerns. Therefore, the current study was designed to explore the potential of glycitein, an isoflavone in managing reserpine-induced depression and associated comorbidities in mice. Reserpine (0.5 mg/kg; i.p.) administration for the first 3 days induced depression and associated comorbidities as evidenced by increased immobility time in forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), along with reduced locomotor activity in the open field test (OFT) and increased latency to reach the platform in the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Reserpine treatment also upregulated and downregulated the brain thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and glutathione (GSH) levels, respectively. Furthermore, reserpine administration also uplifted the level of TNF-α in the serum samples. Glycitein (3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg; p.o.) treatment for 5 days prevented the depressive effect of reserpine. It also improved the spatial memory at both dose levels. Moreover, in biochemical analysis, glycitein also reduced the brain TBARS and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. Whereas, no significant effect was seen on the brain GSH level. Glycitein (6 mg/kg) was found to be more effective than the 3 mg/kg dose of glycitein. Overall results delineate that glycitein has the potential to manage depression and impaired memory by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and inflammatory stress.

A bstract We define a perturbative S-matrix in a local patch of de Sitter background in the limit when the curvature length scale ( ℓ ) is large and study the ‘soft’ behavior of the scalar QED amplitudes in de Sitter spacetime in generic dimensions. We obtain the leading and subleading perturbative corrections to flat space soft photon theorems in the large ℓ limit, and comment on the universality of these corrections. We compare our results with the electromagnetic memory tails obtained earlier in d = 4 using classical radiation analysis.

Localized surface plasmon resonance excitation presents tremendous opportunities for light-harvesting in the field of photocatalysis. Notably, the use of plasmon-generated hot carriers to drive chemical reactions offers the opportunity to control the selectivity of the reaction, unlike temperature-driven catalysis. There has been extensive development of photocatalysts based on plasmon-induced hot electron transfer. However, the equally important hole transfer process has been largely understudied mainly because of the ultrafast dynamics and shorter lifetime of holes compared to electrons. The electron and hole transport asymmetry to the catalytic site introduces additional challenges in extracting holes as oxidants for chemical adsorbents/reactants. This review provides a fundamental overview of plasmonic catalysis, emphasizing recent hot hole extraction and catalysis advancements by exploring different nano-heterointerfaces through which energetic holes can be localized to the catalytic sites. We also highlight some of the critical parameters which must be considered to address the limitations and introduce new possibilities to the field. Plasmon-enhanced photocatalysis allows for enhanced reaction kinetics and selectivity. Here, the importance of hot holes in plasmonic catalysis is discussed, with a focus on their efficient extraction via different nano-heterointerfaces.

PurposeThe study examines the role of ethical leadership in the innovative performance of employees. Further, the purpose of the study is to investigate the mediating effect of human capital and social capital on the relationship between ethical leadership and the innovative performance of employees.Design/methodology/approachThe study collected primary data from 386 managerial-level employees of information technology (IT) companies in the northern region of India. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyse the data and derive the direct and indirect effects.FindingsThe findings indicate a significant positive impact of ethical leadership on the innovative performance of employees. Further, it was found that ethical leadership has both direct and indirect effects on the innovative performance of employees, where the indirect effect was mediated through intellectual capital (IC). The research confirms that IC and ethical leadership are crucial resources for fostering a knowledge-driven culture and innovative performance amongst employees.Originality/valueThe research has made a novel attempt to explore the interplay between ethical leadership, IC and innovative performance in the Indian context. Further, the study provides actionable strategies for business leaders to optimise business processes and encourage innovative practices amongst employees in the company.

Based on time-use data from a 2013 primary household survey, this study examines the nature and extent of time-poverty experienced by men and women in peasant households in Mozambique. The main findings indicate that while women's labor allocation to economic activities is comparable to that of men, household chores and care work are almost entirely women's responsibility. The heavy burden of responsibilities leave women significantly time-poorer compared to men. Women's time-poverty worsens when the burden of simultaneous care work is taken into account. In addition, due to multitasking, the work tends to be more taxing. The examination of determinants of time-poverty shows that common measures of individual economic power, such as assets and education, do not necessarily affect the time-poverty faced by women.