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The effect of salt stress was evaluated on putative mutant seedlings of three polyembryonic mango genotypes viz., Bappakkai, Nekkare, and Kurukkan. Imposition of salinity stress resulted in a decrease in chlorophyll content, relative water content, and gas exchange parameters while enhancing the levels of stress markers like Na + /K + ratio, total phenols, and proline. In total, thirteen phenolic acid compounds were identified including eight hydroxybenzoic acids and five hydroxycinnamic acids wherein hydroxybenzoic acid (majorly gallic acid) comprised more than 99% of total phenolic acids. In all the three genotypes, the concentration of protocatechuic acid, 2, 4-Dihydroxy benzoic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and t-cinnamic acid increased with increasing level of salt stress indicating their potential role in mango salt tolerance. Bappakkai recorded higher K + , highest fold increase in proline content (+ 7.27 fold), highest percent increase in chlorogenic acid (+ 510%), protocatechuic acid (+ 750%), and ferulic acid along with lower Na + /K + ratio and lower reduction in the levels of caffeic and sinapic acid at higher level of salt stress suggesting that putative mutants of Bappakkai were better at tolerating salt stress as compared to the other two genotypes. Exogenous application of ferulic acid (FA) to Nekkare putative mutants increased the activity of enzymatic antioxidants, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Further, quantitative real-time PCR analysis also revealed higher expression levels of SOD, CAT, and APX in FA-treated Nekkare mutants under salinity stress. The results of this study besides identifying distinct phenolic acid signatures in response to stresses like gamma irradiation and salinity, also confirm the potential of physical mutagenesis in breeding salt-tolerant rootstocks in mango.

The study evaluated 94 jackfruit accessions of seedling origin from southern Karnataka based on thirteen quantitative fruit traits to identify promising trees. Significant variability was observed among the accessions. The average fruit weight was 5.79 ± 2.43 kg, with flake weight of 22.91 ± 7.96 g, flake thickness of 4.93 ± 1.05 mm, and flake recovery of 35.83 ± 8.09%. Positive correlations were observed between fruit weight and weights of skin, core, and flakes. Principal component analysis revealed substantial variability, with the first four principal components accounting for 94.32% of the total variation. Cluster analysis grouped the accessions into four distinct categories, confirming their diverse characteristics. Eleven accessions with superior commercial traits underwent biochemical and sensory evaluation, exhibiting elevated levels of flavonoids, vitamin C, carotenoids, lycopene, and antioxidant activity, especially in yellowish-orange and orange-colored flakes. Genetic diversity among these accessions was analyzed using 20 microsatellite markers, which amplified 192 alleles with an average of 9.6 alleles per locus. This work provides vital insights into jackfruit genetic diversity, in situ evaluation, and selection indices for elite trees, supporting the conservation and sustainable utilization of available genetic resources in the region.

Increased soil salinity in the recent years has adversely affected the productivity of mango globally. Extending the cultivation of mango in salt affected regions warrants the use of salinity tolerant/resistant rootstocks. However, the lack of sufficient genomic and transcriptomic information impedes comprehensive research at the molecular level. We employed RNA sequencing-based transcriptome analysis to gain insight into molecular response to salt stress by using two polyembryonic mango genotypes with contrasting response to salt stress viz., salt tolerant Turpentine and salt susceptible Mylepelian. RNA sequencing by Novaseq6000 resulted in a total of 2795088, 17535948, 7813704 and 5544894 clean reads in Mylepelian treated (MT), Mylepelian control (MC), Turpentine treated (TT) and Turpentine control (TC) respectively. In total, 7169 unigenes annotated against all the five public databases, including NR, NT, PFAM, KOG, Swissport, KEGG and GO. Further, maximum number of differentially expressed genes were found between MT and MC (2106) followed by MT vs TT (1158) and TT and TC (587). The differentially expressed genes under different treatment levels included transcription factors (bZIP, NAC, bHLH), genes involved in Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), ABA biosynthesis, Photosynthesis etc. Expression of few of these genes was experimentally validated through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and contrasting expression pattern of Auxin Response Factor 2 (ARF2), Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) and CDPK genes were observed between Turpentine and Mylepelian. The results of this study will be useful in understanding the molecular mechanism underlying salt tolerance in mango which can serve as valuable baseline information to generate new targets in mango breeding for salt tolerance.

IntroductionPutative mutants were generated through gamma irradiation in the polyembryonic mango genotype Nekkare. The putative mutant progenies along with control seedlings and mother plants were evaluated by comparing the compositions and relative proportions of their major volatile compounds.MethodsVolatile profiling was done using headspace-solid phase micro-extraction (HS SPME) method coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS MS). Furthermore, characterisation of putative mutants and control seedlings was carried out using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to ascertain the genetic diversity present in the samples under study.ResultsMonoterpenes were the most abundant volatile compound in all the studied samples (ranging from 34.76% to 91.41%) out of which I-Phellandrene and cis-Ocimene formed the major fraction in mother plants (20.45%–21.86% and 16.17%–21.27%, respectively) and control seedlings (23.32%–24.95% and 18.95%–20.81%, respectively), while beta-Phellandrene was dominant in the selected putative mutant samples (2.34%–29.53%). Among sesquiterpenes, trans-Caryophyllene was detected only in the putative mutant samples (0.10%–30.18%). Grouping together of mother plants and control seedlings was seen in the cluster analysis, while the putative mutants grouped apart from them suggesting genetic diversity. Genetic distance between the mother plants and control seedlings ranged from 0.97 to 2.73, while between putative mutants, control seedlings, and mother plants, it ranged from 6.54 to 9.82. SSR-based characterisation of putative mutant seedlings showed that mutation caused variability in the treated population. This was evident from the high allelic richness ranging from 4 to 12 with a mean of 7 and a higher mean Shannon’s Information Index (1.50) of the putative mutant population.DiscussionThe study demonstrates that volatile profiling and molecular characterisation using SSR markers could be used as a tool to detect variation in a mutated population. In addition, volatile profiling can be used to validate putative mutants in polyembryonic mango genotypes where the seedlings of nucellar origin are similar to mother plants.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study is to get a wider and clearer idea about the relationship between sella turcica bridging and the type of dental anomalies related to size, shape, number, structure and eruption of teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For the present study, 50 pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs showing complete sella turcica bridging were retrieved from the 500 existing case records of patients. The control group consisted of 50 pretreatment lateral cephalograms without sella turcica bridging retrieved from the same case records by using simple random sampling. After collection of the samples, retrospective study was performed with the analysis of patient records to assess any associated dental anomaly in patients with sella turcica bridging and patients without sella turcica bridging. Shafer's classification of morphological variations in size, shape, structure, number and eruption of teeth was used to analyze and group the dental anomalies. RESULTS: The incidence of dental anomalies related to number and size of teeth was found to be higher in cases with sella turcica bridging. CONCLUSION: Lateral cephalogram is used by orthodontist routinely for diagnosis and treatment planning; it can be used as a prediction tool for dental anomalies as well. Early detection of skeletal anomalies can be used to forecast the presence of dental anomalies later in life, which will help the clinician to adopt preventive measures.

Context: Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/CP) is a common congenital facial malformation without any other structural or developmental abnormalities. Aims and Objectives: To test the association of Wnt9B rs1530364 and Wnt5A rs566926 gene variants with the nonsyndromic CL/CP patients in South Indian population. Methods: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples of 25 subjects with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) and 25 unrelated controls collected from the department were used for the study. Group A: DNA samples of 25 subjects NSCLP (P1-P25). Group B: DNA samples of 25 unrelated controls (C1-C25). The extracted DNA samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction, and later, these amplified products were subjected to DNA sequencing. Results were documented in the form of electropherograms. Results: The results indicated that there is a strong association between the presence of Wnt9B rs1530364 gene with the incidence of NSCLP. This study also suggests that the likelihood of NSCLP is higher in subjects having CC (P = 0.02) genotype for Wnt9B gene variant rs1530364. Conclusion: We can conclude that Wnt9B gene variant rs1530364 can be considered as genetic marker for NSCLP for our population.