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Since the Opening of China, the country’s economy has continuously and rapidly improved. Various economic, educational, and health policies have been implemented to shape the development of society, which may have greatly affected the Chinese diet and related malnutrition issues. The objective of the present review was to comprehensively review long-term trends in dietary intakes, nutrition status, and subsequent health challenges among Chinese adults. The data sources were mainly the 1982, 1992, 2002, and 2010–2012 China National Nutrition Surveys (CNNS) and reports and the 1989–2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Over decades, there have been significant changes in the dietary structure of Chinese adults, characterized as decreased intake of cereals and vegetables and increased intake of animal foods with pork dominating. Intakes of eggs, fish, and dairy has reminded at a low level, with only a small increase over time. Consumption of cooking oil and salt was substantively far above the recommendations. A great proportion of fat-to-energy intake and “hidden hunger” was still prominent. Despite nutrition deficiency, there have been some modest improvements in related diseases, but overweight and obesity has become a prominent issue, with the prevalence in adults increasing from 16.4% and 3.6% in 1982 to 30.1% and 11.9% in 2012, respectively. In conclusion, this review sheds light on some salient problems with nutrition and malnutrition status in China, especially the dual challenges of undernutrition and overnutrition. Dynamic monitoring of nutritional characteristics in China should be strengthened, and effective strategies to improve nutrition need to be targeted at the national, societal, family, and individual levels.

The aim of this study was to examine sex disparity in metabolic syndrome prevalence and its risk factors among Chinese adults. Using the 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Survey (CNNHS), a nationally representative cross-sectional study on nutrition and non-communicable chronic diseases, a total of 98,042 participants aged 18 years and older were included in the analysis. Dietary information was collected with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the updated NCEP ATP III criteria. A multivariable logistic regression model was performed to examine the associations between sociodemographic and dietary factors with metabolic syndrome prevalence, and the results are presented using odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The overall standardized prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 24.2% (24.6% in men and 23.8% in women). The metabolic syndrome prevalence was positively associated with age in men and women. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was negatively associated with the physical activity level among men and inversely associated with the education level among women (P for trend < 0.01). Frequent consumption of fungi and algae was an underlying risk factor for metabolic syndrome in men, whereas frequent consumption of nuts and pork was associated with a decreased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in women. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in men was not different from that in women. There are sex-specific associations between multiple risk factors and metabolic syndrome.

This study aimed to examine the prevalence and risk factors of dyslipidemia in different diabetic progression stages among middle-aged and elderly Chinese populations. The 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Survey (CNNHS) is a nationally representative cross-sectional study. In the present study, a total of 69,974 participants aged ≥ 45 years were included. Dyslipidemia was defined based on the Chinese adult dyslipidemia prevention guide. A multivariable logistic regression model was performed to examine the associations between risk factors and dyslipidemia. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 39.9%, 46.8%, and 59.3% in participants with normal glucose, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Women had a lower dyslipidemia prevalence than men (38.7% vs. 43.3%). Dyslipidemia prevalence was positively associated with the education level and inversely correlated with the physical activity level, and negatively related to age only among prediabetes and T2DM groups (P for trend < 0.05). Obesity, abdominal obesity, and hypertension were associated with dyslipidemia. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was relatively high among middle-aged and elderly T2DM person. There are different associations between multiple risk factors and dyslipidemia in different diabetic progression stages.

Some diet factors are risk factors for dental erosion. We performed computer searches of PubMed, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, CALIS, et al., to search for studies investigating risk factors for dental erosion. For risk factors investigated in a comparative way, we computed pooled odds ratios (ORs) using the Mantel and Haenszel method. A total of 9 studies met the inclusion criteria, and 6 risk factors were considered, including soft drinks, sports drinks, juice, vitamin C, milk, and yoghourt. The following associations were found for soft drinks (OR = 2.41, 95%CI = 2.03-2.85) and vitamin C (OR = 1.16, 95%CI = 1.10-1.22). While juice (OR = 0.90, 95%CI = 0.25-3.24), sports drinks (OR = 1.58, 95%CI = 0.88-2.85), milk (OR = 0.67, 95%CI = 0.11-4.01), and yoghourt products (OR = 1.05, 95%CI = 0.28-3.96) were not associated with dental erosion. This meta-analysis provides comprehensive evidence-based assessment of diet-related factors for dental erosion. Preventive strategies should be taken to reduce dental erosion.

Dietary transitions in China have undergone rapid changes in over the last three decades. The purpose of this study is to describe trends in the macronutrient consumption, the sources of those nutrients and the diet quality among Chinese adults. Longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) cohort analysis. Main outcomes are dietary energy intake from total carbohydrate, protein and fat and their subtypes, as well as food sources of carbohydrates, protein, and fat, and the China Dietary Guidelines Index 2018 (CDGI-2018). CHNS (1991, 2000, 2009 and 2015). Data from the longitudinal 1991, 2000, 2009 and 2015 CHNS of adults aged 18 years or older who had complete demographic information. The estimated mean energy intake from total carbohydrate decreased from 62·6 % to 50·6 % between 1991 and 2015, while the mean energy intake from total protein increased from 12·6 % to just 13·1 % and the mean energy intake from total fat significantly increased from 24·0 % to 35·8 % ( < 0·001 for trend). Decreases were observed in evaluated mean energy from low-quality carbohydrates (from 53·6 % to 41·7 %) and incomplete protein (from 9·3 % to 7·5 %), while increases were seen in estimated mean energy from high-quality protein (from 3·3 % to 5·5 %), high-quality fat (from 9·1 % to 16·7 %) and low-quality fat (from 14·9 % to 19·0 %). Low-quality carbohydrates, primarily those derived from refined grains, decreased from 52·2 % to 36·2 %. The diet quality as measured by CDGI-2018 improved, with the estimated mean increasing from 41·7 to 52·4 ( < 0·01 for trend). For Chinese adults, there was a significant change in the macronutrient composition over the previous few decades. The percentage of energy consumed from carbohydrates significantly decreased; however, the percentage of energy consumed from total fat significantly increased. Additionally, the diet quality remains suboptimal.

Background: Rutin (R) is a bioactive compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but its low bioavailability limits its application. To address this problem, R was encapsulated with whey protein (W) as nanoparticles, and the potential effect and mechanism of rutin–whey protein nanoparticles (RW) on skeletal muscle dysfunction was investigated in D-galactose induced mice. Methods: R was encapsulated with W to form RW, and its characteristics like particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and bioaccessibility were evaluated. In the in vivo study, male C57BL/6J mice were treated with R, W or RW, respectively. The muscle function, hepatic antioxidant capacity, serum inflammatory levels, gut microbiota, and metabolomic profiles of mice were evaluated. Results: RW showed a uniform particle size, with an encapsulation efficiency of 68.7%. In the RW, the bioaccessibility of rutin was approximately 3.3 times that of free rutin. This in vivo study indicated that in comparison with D-galactose induced mice (model group), R, W and RW treatments could enhance hepatic antioxidative capacity and regulate inflammation levels, while W and RW could also increase muscle strength. Among these, RW treatment significantly elevated the hepatic GSH-PX activity and decreased the serum MSTN, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, which were all markedly better than those of the individual effect of R or W. Such effects of R, W, and RW may be achieved through the modulation of gut microbiota that produced short-chain fatty acids or involved in anti-inflammatory function and the regulation of metabolic profiles associated with amino acid metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, etc. Conclusions: RW was found to enhance the bioaccessibility of rutin, and exhibited positive effects on skeletal muscle dysfunction via the modulation of gut microbiota and metabolic pathways. The results of this study may provide new scientific strategy for the utilization of rutin to achieve its health benefits.

ObjectivesTo examine the effects of physical activity (PA) in adults with or without prehypertension at baseline on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and hypertension risk by gender.MethodsA total of 5986 men and 6525 women (≥18 years old) without hypertension-related disease at baseline who attended surveys from China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991–2015) at least twice were selected. In terms of the nested data structure, three-level random intercept growth model and three-level logistic regression were used to estimate the relationship between the PA and SBP/DBP or hypertension risk.ResultsThe incidence of hypertension increased from 10.86% in 1991 to 20.34% in 2015, and the median of PA dropped from 408 MET·h/week in 1991 to 104 MET·h/week in 2015. After adjusting confounders, PA in the third and fourth quartiles decreased SBP (by 0.98 and 0.96 mm Hg, p < 0.05) and DBP (by 0.30 and 0.38 mm Hg, p < 0.05), and it reduced the odds of hypertension by 12 and 15% (p < 0.05), compared with PA in the lowest quartile. For normotensive women in the third quartile of PA and prehypertensive women in the fourth quartile of PA, the risk of hypertension was reduced 15 and 22%, compared with women in the lowest quartile of PA.ConclusionsPhysical activity should be improved to the relatively high level to be effective in controlling blood pressure. Normotensive women had an association between physical activity and SBP, DBP, and the risk of hypertension.

Background: Previous studies have shown that a diet with inflammatory and antioxidant properties can alter the risk of cognitive impairment. There are few studies using a large sample of the Chinese population. The specific relationship between inflammation, an antioxidant diet, and cognitive impairment remains unclear, and the potential impact of metabolic disorders remains to be determined. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, with data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in 2018. Individual and combined effects of the dietary inflammation index (DII) and composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) on cognitive impairment were assessed by binary logistic regression models. Nonlinear correlations and the inflection point were explored using restricted cubic splines (RCSs), and the mediation effects of triglyceride glucose–body mass index (TyG-BMI) were explored in greater depth using causal mediation analysis. Results: An increased CDAI was associated with a significantly decreased risk of cognitive impairment, at 0.68 (95%CI: 0.499–0.928). Contrary to this, the DII was positively associated with the risk of cognitive impairment, at 1.289 (95%CI: 1.03–1.613). The joint effects of the DII and CDAI indicated the minimal hazard effects on the risk of cognitive (0.787 (95%CI: 0.622–0.995)) impairment in subjects with low_DII + high_CDAI when compared with those with high_DII + low_CDAI. Furthermore, a significant nonlinear relationship was found between the CDAI and the risk of cognitive impairment, exhibiting an “L”-shaped curve (p-overall = 0.001, p-nonlinear = 0.007). However, no evidence was found for a nonlinear relationship between the DII and the risk of cognitive impairment. The mediation analysis did not reveal a mediating effect of TyG-BMI on the association between the CDAI and DII scores and the risk of cognitive impairment. Conclusions: Findings revealed that the CDAI could mitigate the adverse consequences of the DII on cognitive decline, which offers new insights into preventing early cognitive impairment through dietary intervention.

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are serious congenital malformations. Excessive maternal homocysteine (Hcy) increases the risk of NTDs, while its mechanism remains elusive. Here we report the role of histone homocysteinylation in neural tube closure (NTC). A total of 39 histone homocysteinylation sites are identified in samples from human embryonic brain tissue using mass spectrometry. Elevated levels of histone KHcy and H3K79Hcy are detected at increased cellular Hcy levels in human fetal brains. Using ChIP-seq and RNA-seq assays, we demonstrate that an increase in H3K79Hcy level down-regulates the expression of selected NTC-related genes including Cecr2 , Smarca4 , and Dnmt3b . In human NTDs brain tissues, decrease in expression of CECR2, SMARCA4, and DNMT3B is also detected along with high levels of Hcy and H3K79Hcy. Our results suggest that higher levels of Hcy contribute to the onset of NTDs through up-regulation of histone H3K79Hcy, leading to abnormal expressions of selected NTC-related genes. Elevated maternal homocysteine (Hcy) increases the risk for neural tube defects (NTDs) but how this arises is unclear. Here, the authors show that high levels of Hcy on histone H3K79Hcy correlate with NTDs, causing abnormal gene expression (for example Cecr2 , Smarca4 and Dnmt3B ) linked to neural tube closure.

Objectives: The present study evaluated anthropometry Z-scores of exclusively breastfed infants aged 0~6 months and examined their associations with various parent–infant factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 383 mother–infant dyads from 10 Chinese cities in the final analyses, under strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected by trained investigators using questionnaires covering demographic characteristics, perinatal health, maternal and infant factors during lactation. Nutrient intake was assessed and calculated by 24 h recall. Anthropometric measurements of parents and infants were taken using calibrated instruments, with infant growth assessed via Chinese growth standards. Statistical analyses included correlation and linear mixed-effect models accounting for regional clustering, with variable selection guided by backward elimination step regression. Nonlinear relationships were explored using spline and piecewise regression methods. Results: Over 60% of the mothers had inadequate energy and protein intake. Approximately two-thirds of the participants had fat intakes exceeding the upper limit. Inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain, poor maternal sleep quality, lactational mastitis, higher maternal fat intake and infant gastrointestinal symptoms were associated with lower infant anthropometry Z-scores. A threshold effect was detected between maternal fat intake and infant WAZ, BMI Z, and WLZ. Conclusions: This study found that anthropometry Z-scores of exclusively breastfed infants aged 0–6 months were significantly associated with certain maternal–infant factors and maternal fat intake, emphasizing the need for early intervention on adverse factors and balanced maternal diet nutrition during lactation.