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Industrial effluent containing textile dyes is regarded as a major environmental concern in the present world. Crystal Violet is one of the vital textile dyes of the triphenylmethane group; it is widely used in textile industry and known for its mutagenic and mitotic poisoning nature. Bioremediation, especially through bacteria, is becoming an emerging and important sector in effluent treatment. This study aimed to isolate and identify Crystal Violet degrading bacteria from industrial effluents with potential use in bioremediation. The decolorizing activity of the bacteria was measured using a photo electric colorimeter after aerobic incubation in different time intervals of the isolates. Environmental parameters such as pH, temperature, initial dye concentration and inoculum size were optimized using mineral salt medium containing different concentration of Crystal Violet dye. Complete decolorizing efficiency was observed in a mineral salt medium containing up to 150 mg/l of Crystal Violet dye by 10% (v/v) inoculums of Enterobacter sp. CV–S1 tested under 72 h of shaking incubation at temperature 35 °C and pH 6.5. Newly identified bacteria Enterobacter sp. CV–S1, confirmed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, was found as a potential bioremediation biocatalyst in the aerobic degradation/de-colorization of Crystal Violet dye. The efficiency of degrading triphenylmethane dye by this isolate, minus the supply of extra carbon or nitrogen sources in the media, highlights the significance of larger-scale treatment of textile effluent.

Background Myocardial Infarction (MI), also known as heart attack, is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases. Although certain drugs or mechanical means are used, day by day natural products such as herbs and spices based MI treatment is getting much popularity over the drugs or mechanical means for their pharmacological effects and have low or no side effects. This study was designed to assess the cardio-protective effect of methanolic extract of Bangladeshi multi clove garlic ( Allium sativum ) cultivar, a highly believed spice having cardioprotective activity, against isoproterenol (ISO) induced MI through cardiac histopathology as well as cardiac apoptotic caspase-3 gene expression study in female Wistar albino rats. Four groups containing 35 rats treated with respective agents like distill water / garlic extract (200 mg/kg-body-weight/day) up to 28 days and normal saline / ISO (100 mg/kg-body-weight/day) on 29th and 30th day were sacrificed (two rats/group/sacrifice) on the day 31, 46 and 61 and collecting the heart, cardiac histology and gene expression analysis were performed. Results ISO induced MI rats pretreated with garlic extract revealed up regulated expression of the cardiac apoptotic caspase-3 gene at the initial stage but finally the expressions gradually getting down regulated along with gradual improving the cardiac damage caused by apoptosis. Furthermore, only garlic extract pretreated rats were found undamaged cardioarchitecture and normal expressions of this gene. Conclusions These findings suggested that garlic extract confers having significant cardioprotective effect and consuming this spice with regular diet may reduce the risk of MI.

The present study emphasized on evaluating the extent of pollution of Dhaleshwari River in Bangladesh due to the discharge of heavy metals from tanneries and other industries along with the health risks associated with the consumption of the heavy metals accumulated fish. For this purpose, three spots of Dhaleshwari River which are in the vicinity of the industrial outlet were selected for evaluating the seasonal status of heavy metals in water, sediment, and organs of three common fish species. Average concentrations of metals in water and sediment were in the order of Cr > Cd > Pb > Cu > As and Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd respectively. The average HM concentrations in water and sediment exceeded WHO and USEPA standards suggesting serious pollution to the aquatic environment. In fish organs, metal concentrations were in the order of Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd > As. Accumulation was highest in gills and lowest in muscles. Fish muscles had a relatively higher concentration of heavy metals (except As) exceeding the safe limits of FAO and WHO. Seasonal variation was also observed in water for all metals (p < 0.01), in sediment for Cu and As (p < 0.05), and in fish for Cr, Cd, and Cu (p < 0.05); higher concentrations were observed in winter. Bioconcentration factor analysis indicated that Cu, Pb, and Cr were more concentrated in fish. Health risk assessment reveals that the carcinogenic risk of Cr is associated with the consumption of contaminated fish species of the studied area.

The study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of industrial discharges, including from tanneries, in terms of heavy metal loads in fin-fish of the Buriganga river, Dhaka, Bangladesh, and to find out the ultimate effects of feeding those heavy metal-contaminated fishes to Long-Evans rats to examine rats’ heavy metal accumulation along with viable architectural alterations on various organs through histopathological screenings. Being the most edible by the populace, Labeo rohita was chosen for this purpose. Labeo rohita was collected from five different spots in the river close to the industrial outlets, covering three seasons: monsoon, winter, and summer throughout the year. Experiments unearthed that the deposition of heavy metals inside fishes always surpassed the standard margin, implying a pernicious aquatic milieu. The empirical data suggests that the mean concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cr, and Cd were higher than the permissible limits of WHO and FAO after feeding heavy metal-contaminated fishes for a period of 120 days. Seasonal variations were also taken into account, and it was noticed that rats fed with fish collected in winter had the highest heavy metal concentrations ( P  < 0.05). Significant architectural changes were observed during histopathological screening of rats’ livers and kidneys characterized by necrosis, inflammation, and congestion. After gauging the obtained data, it might be concluded that consumption of heavy metal-contaminated fish entails accumulation of heavy metals, which causes histopathological changes in rats’ livers and kidneys, including necrosis and severe structural deformational changes compared to those of control groups.

Water pollution from textile effluent is now one of the major issues all over the world. Malachite Green dye of the triphenylmethane group is a key component of textile effluents. This study aimed to isolate and identify potential Malachite Green dye degrading bacteria from textile effluents. Different growth and culture parameters such as temperature, pH, inoculum-size and dye concentration were optimized to perform the dye-degradation assay using different concentrations of Malachite Green dye in mineral salt medium. A photo-electric-colorimeter was used to measure the decolorizing activity of bacteria at different time intervals after aerobic incubation. Two competent bacterial strains of Enterobacter spp. (CV S1 and CM S1) were isolated from textile effluents showing potential degradation efficiency against Malachite Green dye. The RAPD analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed the genetical difference of the isolated strains Enterobacter sp. CV S1 and Enterobacter sp. CM S1. The two bacterial strains CV-S1 and CM-S1 showed complete Malachite Green dye degradation up to 15 mg/l under shaking condition with 5% (v/v) inoculums at pH 6.50 and temperature 35 degree C within 72 and 144 hours respectively. These findings indicate that the two potential bacterial strains can be used in large scale treatment of textile effluents in the future.

Plants have been demonstrated extraordinary source of medicine, and recently focus on medicinal plant research has increased. Centella asiatica is well known for its traditional uses and medicinal properties for the treatment of many diseases. The published literatures mention the use of this plant as whole and bioactive compounds isolated are widely used in the treatment of various human ailments. C. asiatica reported to possess various pharmacological activities: antimicrobial activity, anticancer activity, wound healing activity, neuroprotechtive activity, immunomodulatory activity, anti-inflammatory activity, hepatoprotective activity, insecticidal activity, and antioxidant activity. C. asiatica is also rich in flavonoids and terpenoids compounds among them asiatic acid, asiaticoside, madecassoside is well characterized for its pharmacological value. The present review summarized widespread information on phytochemistry, isolated and characterized bioactive compounds, pharmacological properties, in vitro propagation and traditional uses of the important medicinal plant C. asiatica.

During a 28-year field survey in India (1988–2016), groundwater arsenic contamination and its health effects were registered in the states of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in the Ganga River flood plain, and the states of Assam and Manipur in the flood plain of Brahamaputra and Imphal rivers. Groundwater of Rajnandgaon village in Chhattisgarh state, which is not in a flood plain, is also arsenic contaminated. More than 170,000 tubewell water samples from the affected states were analyzed and half of the samples had arsenic >10 μg/L (maximum concentration 3,700 μg/L). Chronic exposure to arsenic through drinking water causes various health problems, like dermal, neurological, reproductive and pregnancy effects, cardiovascular effects, diabetes mellitus, diseases of the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems, and cancers, typically involving the skin, lungs, liver, bladder, etc. About 4.5% of the 8,000 children from arsenic-affected villages of affected states were registered with mild to moderate arsenical skin lesions. In the preliminary survey, more than 10,000 patients were registered with different types of arsenic-related signs and symptoms, out of more than 100,000 people screened from affected states. Elevated levels of arsenic were also found in biological samples (urine, hair, nails) of the people living in affected states. The study reveals that the population who had severe arsenical skin lesions may suffer from multiple Bowens/cancers in the long term. Some unusual symptoms, such as burning sensation, skin itching and watering of eyes in the presence of sun light, were also noticed in arsenicosis patients.

Flood, a distinctive natural calamity, has occurred more frequently in the last few decades all over the world, which is often an unexpected and inevitable natural hazard, but the losses and damages can be managed and controlled by adopting effective measures. In recent times, flood hazard susceptibility mapping has become a prime concern in minimizing the worst impact of this global threat; but the nonlinear relationship between several flood causative factors and the dynamicity of risk levels makes it complicated and confronted with substantial challenges to reliable assessment. Therefore, we have considered SVM, RF, and ANN—three distinctive ML algorithms in the GIS platform—to delineate the flood hazard risk zones of the subtropical Kangsabati river basin, West Bengal, India; which experienced frequent flood events because of intense rainfall throughout the monsoon season. In our study, all adopted ML algorithms are more efficient in solving all the non-linear problems in flood hazard risk assessment; multi-collinearity analysis and Pearson’s correlation coefficient techniques have been used to identify the collinearity issues among all fifteen adopted flood causative factors. In this research, the predicted results are evaluated through six prominent and reliable statistical (“AUC-ROC, specificity, sensitivity, PPV, NPV, F-score”) and one graphical (Taylor diagram) technique and shows that ANN is the most reliable modeling approach followed by RF and SVM models. The values of AUC in the ANN model for the training and validation datasets are 0.901 and 0.891, respectively. The derived result states that about 7.54% and 10.41% of areas accordingly lie under the high and extremely high flood danger risk zones. Thus, this study can help the decision-makers in constructing the proper strategy at the regional and national levels to mitigate the flood hazard in a particular region. This type of information may be helpful to the various authorities to implement this outcome in various spheres of decision making. Apart from this, future researchers are also able to conduct their research byconsidering this methodology in flood susceptibility assessment.

Diarrheal diseases continue to be a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries, where insufficient water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices lead to a substantial community burden. We conducted a cross-sectional census survey with follow-up qualitative interviews, which assessed the cumulative incidence and associated factors of diarrheal diseases in Bishnupur-II block of South 24 Parganas district in West Bengal, India, between April and June 2024. We conducted a census-based survey of 12,793 households, obtained valid responses from 10,000 and followed by qualitative interviews with mothers of under-five children and key health workers. Overall, the 6-months cumulative incidence was 16.9% (1690/10,000 households) with 75.9% of the families reported seeking treatment for their children at government health facilities. Households that relied on vendor-supplied drinking water had 2.71 times greater odds of diarrhea (AOR: 2.71; 95% CI 1.84–4.01), whereas those who only used water for handwashing had a threefold increased odds (AOR: 3.14; 95% CI 2.51–3.93). The majority (78.6%) of the households did not disinfect drinking water. Qualitative investigations identified awareness gaps, cultural views, financial limitations, poor infrastructure, and the importance of community engagement as crucial factors on hygiene behavior. Integrated quantitative and qualitative observations highlight the need for tailored interventions that combine health education, behavior modification, and improved WASH infrastructure to reduce diarrheal morbidity in rural West Bengal and other similar contexts.