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The Ashwell receptor, the major lectin of hepatocytes, rapidly clears from blood circulation glycoproteins bearing glycan ligands that include galactose and N -acetylgalactosamine. This asialoglycoprotein receptor activity remains a key factor in the development and administration of glycoprotein pharmaceuticals, yet a biological purpose of the Ashwell receptor has remained elusive. We have identified endogenous ligands of the Ashwell receptor as glycoproteins and regulatory components in blood coagulation and thrombosis that include von Willebrand factor (vWF) and platelets. The Ashwell receptor normally modulates vWF homeostasis and is responsible for thrombocytopenia during systemic Streptococcus pneumoniae infection by eliminating platelets desialylated by the bacterium's neuraminidase. Hemostatic adaptation by the Ashwell receptor moderates the onset and severity of disseminated intravascular coagulation during sepsis and improves the probability of host survival.

In a search for small molecule antagonists of heparan sulfate, we examined the activity of bis-2-methyl-4-amino-quinolyl-6-carbamide, also known as surfen. Fluorescence-based titrations indicated that surfen bound to glycosaminoglycans, and the extent of binding increased according to charge density in the order heparin > dermatan sulfate > heparan sulfate > chondroitin sulfate. All charged groups in heparin (N-sulfates, O-sulfates, and carboxyl groups) contributed to binding, consistent with the idea that surfen interacted electrostatically. Surfen neutralized the anticoagulant activity of both unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins and inhibited enzymatic sulfation and degradation reactions in vitro. Addition of surfen to cultured cells blocked FGF2-binding and signaling that depended on cell surface heparan sulfate and prevented both FGF2- and VEGF₁₆₅-mediated sprouting of endothelial cells in Matrigel. Surfen also blocked heparan sulfate-mediated cell adhesion to the Hep-II domain of fibronectin and prevented infection by HSV-1 that depended on glycoprotein D interaction with heparan sulfate. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of identifying small molecule antagonists of heparan sulfate and raise the possibility of developing pharmacological agents to treat disorders that involve glycosaminoglycan-protein interactions.

A number of poorly characterized genetic modifiers contribute to the extensive variability of von Willebrand disease, the most prevalent bleeding disorder in humans. We find that a genetic lesion inactivating the murine ST3Gal-IV sialyltransferase causes a bleeding disorder associated with an autosomal dominant reduction in plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) and an autosomal recessive thrombocytopenia. Although both ST3Gal-IV and ST6Gal-I sialyltransferases mask galactose linkages implicated as asialoglycoprotein receptor ligands, only ST3Gal-IV deficiency promotes asialoglycoprotein clearance mechanisms with a reduction in plasma levels of VWF and platelets. Exposed galactose on VWF was also found in a subpopulation of humans with abnormally low VWF levels. Oligosaccharide branch-specific sialylation by the ST3Gal-IV sialyltransferase is required to sustain the physiologic half-life of murine hemostatic components and may be an important modifier of plasma VWF level in humans.

Dental aerosol disinfection should be considered as one of the most serious issues as they have very harmful microbial flora which could lead to multiple serious infections that commonly infect the operator, assistant, or the patients. Essential oils of nature like Lemon Grass have been proven recently to possess a greater action against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, Candida species, Streptococcus mutans, which are considered as the most prevalent oral microbial flora. Hence this study is aimed to determine the antibacterial effect of the Lemon Grass oil on dental aerosol bacteria around the dental unit during the dental procedure. Dental chairs with patients during treatment were included for the study where 5 agar plates with and without Lemon Grass oil application were placed in each chair at a distance of 1 – 1.5 m from the patient's mouth for 48hours and were incubated. Types of bacteria and its count were evaluated. Results showed significant contamination of bacteria in all plates without Lemon Grass oil application, whereas significant contamination was observed in all positive control plates. Lemon Grass represents an antibacterial source that can be as effective as modern medicine against pathogenic microorganisms especially the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria which are usually present in dental aerosols.

Keywords - Dental Aerosol, Oregano Oil, Antibacterial Activity, Oral Bacteria Introduction Dentists, dental hygienists, and oral health care workers practice in a highly contaminated environment, the human mouth where they are exposed to a variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa from many sources1. [...]the present study is aimed to determine the antibacterial effect of the oregano oil on dental aerosol bacteria around the dental unit during the dental procedure. Essential oils and DMSO ratio (150 pi) 100% - 150 pi: 0 (Full strength) 50% - 75pl: 75pl (oregano oil: DMSO) 25% - 50pl: lOOpl (oregano oil: DMSO) ultrasonic scalers, and air polishing units are known to produce the aerosols during the procedures.30 Hence in this study, dental aerosols produced during the dental procedures carried out in Clinic I and Clinic II were considered, it is stated that the dimensions of the particle may vary from 0.001pm to quite 100 pm. the smallest particle size (ranging between 0.5 pm and 10 pm) has the most effective potential to penetrate the respiratory passages and therefore the lungs, possessing the ability to transmit the disease, periodontal disease, being multi-factorial, the oral cavity harbors innumerable bacteria and viruses from the tract, saliva, and bacterial plaque. According to a study done by Yadav, et al in 2015, Aerosols may accommodate microorganisms like multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, influenza, legionnaire's disease, pneumonia, mumps, chickenpox, cytomegalovirus infection, hepatitis B and C viral infection, herpes simplex vims types 1 and 2 infections, human immunodeficiency virus, etc.32 Usually, diseases like the cold, sinusitis, and pharyngitis of the upper respiratory tract and Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, SARS, and Avian influenza of the lower respiratory tract has been reported with the aerosol contamination, (Ragunath 2016)33 For microbial air contamination, the appropriate CFU counts of 45100-75000CFU/ m2/h in medical wards were given by Fischer et al.34 However, the results

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between different cheiloscopic patterns with the canine relationship in deciduous dentition. Materials and Methods: Three-hundred children who were 3-6 years old with complete primary dentition were recruited and the relationships between maxillary and mandibular canines were recorded in the pro forma. Lip prints of the patients were recorded with the lipstick-cellophane method, and middle 10 mm of the lower lip was analyzed for the lip print pattern. The patterns were classified based on the Tsuchihashi and Suzuki classification. Results: Type II (branched) pattern was the most predominant cheiloscopic pattern. The predominant patterns which related to the terminal planes were Type IV (reticular) pattern for Class I, Type IV (reticular) and I (complete vertical) patterns for Class II, and the presence of Type V (irregular) pattern for Class III. Presence of Type I (complete vertical) and II (branched) patterns in males and Type II (branched) pattern alone in females can suggest for a Class II canine relationship. Conclusion: Lip prints can provide an alternative to dermatoglyphics to predict the canine relationship in primary dentition. Further studies with larger sample size are required to provide an insight into its significant correlations.

The rational design of improved electrode–electrolyte interfaces (EEI) for energy storage is critically dependent on a molecular-level understanding of ionic interactions and nanoscale phenomena. The presence of non-redox active species at EEI has been shown to strongly influence Faradaic efficiency and long-term operational stability during energy storage processes. Herein, we achieve substantially higher performance and long-term stability of EEI prepared with highly dispersed discrete redox-active cluster anions (50 ng of pure ∼0.75 nm size molybdenum polyoxometalate (POM) anions on 25 μg (∼0.2 wt%) carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes) by complete elimination of strongly coordinating non-redox species through ion soft landing (SL). Electron microscopy provides atomically resolved images of a uniform distribution of individual POM species soft landed directly on complex technologically relevant CNT electrodes. In this context, SL is established as a versatile approach for the controlled design of novel surfaces for both fundamental and applied research in energy storage. The design and understanding of electrode–electrolyte interfaces is important for the development of improved energy storage devices. Here, the authors study the controlled deposition of molybdenum polyoxometalate anions onto carbon nanotube electrodes, and show this can result in increased specific capacitance.

Five studies demonstrated that people selectively use general moral principles to rationalize preferred moral conclusions. In Studies 1a and 1b, college students and community respondents were presented with variations on a traditional moral scenario that asked whether it was permissible to sacrifice one innocent man in order to save a greater number of people. Political liberals, but not relatively more conservative participants, were more likely to endorse consequentialism when the victim had a stereotypically White American name than when the victim had a stereotypically Black American name. Study 2 found evidence suggesting participants believe that the moral principles they are endorsing are general in nature: when presented sequentially with both versions of the scenario, liberals again showed a bias in their judgments to the initial scenario, but demonstrated consistency thereafter. Study 3 found conservatives were more likely to endorse the unintended killing of innocent civilians when Iraqis civilians were killed than when Americans civilians were killed, while liberals showed no significant effect. In Study 4, participants primed with patriotism were more likely to endorse consequentialism when Iraqi civilians were killed by American forces than were participants primed with multiculturalism. However, this was not the case when American civilians were killed by Iraqi forces. Implications for the role of reason in moral judgment are discussed.