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The study of urban form as a central interest of architects, planners, and urban designers has faced various challenges over time, affecting the representation of this topic in the research, educational, and practical arenas. Recently, with the actualization of big data, the study of urban form is going under change as well, where these technological advancements present both the great potential for urban form analysis, understanding, modelling, simulation, and even imagination, and a challenge for the profession of architecture and urbanism itself, which must come to grips with the growing field of big data research. This paper delves into the significance of urban form as a composition of the ground plan (streets, blocks, plots, and buildings), building fabric, land and building utilization, and social structure, explicitly emphasizing unfolding the complexities concerning big data. The central method used in the research is the systematic literature review applied to investigate the interrelation between urban form and big data. The research follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol by systematizing recent research from the Web of Science (WOS) database. The paper aims to structure knowledge into a coherent framework, reveal relationships and patterns, create a valuable classification for future research, and identify gaps within the research field. The main results should contribute to painting the overall picture of the research landscape on big data and urban form.

Due to its important role in increasing human well-being and providing space for ecosystem services, green infrastructure has gradually become an integral part of urban development strategies. Focusing on the activities of community greening, the article considers this approach toward the application of urban green infrastructure as a part of a broader strategy related to the resilience of cities. The neighborhood/district level will be emphasized and the analysis will be conducted in two areas of the Serbian capital Belgrade—Block 45 in New Belgrade and the Savamala neighborhood in the historical city core. Representing two different epochs of Belgrade’s development, they are characterized by different typologies, while the characteristics of community greening also differ in several aspects, including purpose, model of organization, and involved stakeholders/participants. The green space of the identified typical morphological units has been cultivated and maintained in two different ways—institutional (provided by the public company) and non-institutional (community greening)—and their impact on the quality of the local GI will be compared. The analysis intends to provide data on the level of biodiversity, multi-functionality, and maintenance of green spaces which will show the effect of both applied approaches. Particular attention will be given to the tensions and challenges of the local context: the adoption of plans and regulations that are in accordance with contemporary trends, as well as the drawbacks in their implementation. Furthermore, the possibilities of community greening will be elaborated, as future steps for achieving the formal green infrastructure (hereinafter GI) standards at the neighborhood/district scale.

This study investigates whether spa settlements can be analytically interpreted through a relational spascape framework that reveals structural and configurational patterns beyond conventional typological classifications. In the context of increasing interest in therapeutic landscapes and heritage-sensitive development, spa settlements represent complex spatial systems shaped by the interplay of natural resources, urban form, and socio-cultural practices, yet they remain insufficiently understood through existing analytical models. The methodology is based on a structured analytical design combining three urbanization dimensions (material transformation, territorial regulation, and everyday life) with six thematic fields, operationalized through graded cross-affiliation scoring. The empirical research is conducted on a sample of 12 spa settlements in Serbia, selected to reflect diverse geographical, morphological, and developmental conditions. Statistical calibration was performed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering to identify underlying structural relationships and configurational groupings. The results indicate that spa settlements operate as multi-affiliated relational entities rather than fixed typologies, exhibiting dimension-specific structural logics and forming distinct configurational families depending on the analytical perspective applied. PCA reveals differentiated internal structures across dimensions, while clustering confirms the absence of a single stable typology. The findings support a relational understanding of spa settlements as dynamic spatial systems characterized by shifting alignments of material, regulatory, and experiential factors. Beyond the Serbian context, the study offers a transferable methodological framework that connects qualitative urban interpretation with quantitative spatial analysis, contributing to heritage-sensitive planning, territorial governance, and the management of spa systems as relational clusters.

This study investigates the intersection of digital tools and methods with the built environment disciplinary framework, focusing on Urban Planning and Development (UPD), Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC), and Cultural Heritage (CH) domains. Using a systematic literature review of 29 solution-oriented documents, the research applies both bibliometric and in-depth content analysis to identify methodological patterns. Co-occurrence mapping revealed four thematic clusters—Data Integration and User-Centric Analysis, Advanced 3D Spatial Analysis and Processing, Real-Time Interaction and Digital Twin Support, and 3D Visualization—each corresponding to distinct stages in a digital workflow, from data acquisition to interactive communication. Comparative and interdependency analyses demonstrated that these clusters operate in a sequential yet interconnected manner, with Data Integration forming the foundation for analysis, simulation, and visualization tasks. While current solutions are robust within individual stages, they remain fragmented, indicating a need for systemic interoperability. The findings underscore the opportunity to develop integrated digital platforms that synthesize these clusters, enabling more comprehensive observation, management, and planning of the built environment. Such integration could strengthen decision-making frameworks, enhance public participation, and advance sustainable, smart city development.

The housing estate of Julino Brdo was built in the late 1960s in the Čukarica municipality of Belgrade, and housed the ‘middle class’ of Yugoslav selfmanagement socialism – managers, experts, and administrators, in an area that was also populated by the improvised homes of illegal settlers. Approaching the estate from the north, the observer first notices two clusters of homogeneous masses rising out of a plateau known as ‘Grujina Strana’. As the observer moves forward, the estate briefly disappears from sight, only to reappear as a single cluster merged with the steep sides of the plateau.

This paper considers the landscape as both a material and an ideological representation and starts from the assumption that spatial patterns arise as a result of the ideological imperative of the process that forms the landscape. The research takes on a historical-interpretative approach in the domain of architectural and urban studies, enabling in-depth qualitative exploration of the textuality and layering of the modernist rural landscape through a case study of the PKB Agricultural Combine as a driver of the urban development of Third Belgrade, the spatial framework of the left riverbank of the Danube in the administrative area of Belgrade. The research was conducted by chronologically interpreting primary sources, notably planning documents of different levels and scope, as well as studies, programs and development models for the urbanization of this territory. The research aims to decode the impact of socialist agrarian policy on the land-use in the wider metropolitan area of Belgrade, as well as the impact of the agricultural combine as a spatial, social, economic, environmental and political entity on the urban development process at different spatial levels. The research has identified four periods in the development of Third Belgrade: (1) Production of the Modernist Rural Landscape, (2) Establishment of the Self-Management Planning Framework, (3) Humanization of Environment, and (4) Post-socialist Transition and the Collapse of the Agricultural Combine. The paper demonstrates not only that environmental transformation cannot be separated from social transformation but also that they are in constant interaction and that their synergy has had a profound impact on the development of the PKB Agricultural Combine system in socialist conditions. The textuality of the modernist rural landscape confirms that an object-oriented approach is not enough to explore and interpret the landscape, but rather, we should look at the way it is socially produced through decoding the planning, institutional and policy frameworks determining the urban development of a territory.

This paper addresses the challenges of architectural higher education to cope with a state of continuous change within the relationship between heritage and sustainability. The initial assumption is that research activities based on design taxonomies—terms used in architectural discourse of heritage and sustainability—followed by fruitful analysis and discussion can contribute to the advancements in curricula design and development. Accordingly, the paper aims to develop a new methodological framework for addressing sustainability and heritage, enriching curricula design and assessment strategy. Data collection on identification and analysis of terms was carried out within the Erasmus+ Strategic Partnership titled Enhancing of Heritage Awareness and Sustainability of Built Environment in Architectural and Urban Design Higher Education (HERSUS). After the process of filtering, interpretation, and comparison of project findings, a three-fold comprehensive analysis was conducted: (a) learning outcome quantitative analysis, (b) cross-cutting analysis of spatial scales and course types, and (c) synthesis. The paper results in the methodological framework that reinforces different pedagogical approaches to heritage and sustainability derived as a result of the applied research process. The main conclusions are concerned with the applicability of the methodological framework, designed for the improvement of existing and development of new comprehensive courses and programme contents.

This paper advocates the stance that sustainable approaches in architecture, although usually associated to contemporary practice, have a very complex relationship with the history of architecture and urbanism. By adopting an interpretative framework, the paper highlights the environmental aspects of the architectural practice of Belgrade’s large-scale residential settlements created under the cultural influences of socialist ideology. The socialist system enabled systematic implementation of the principles of the Congrès International d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM) on a large urban scale, in contrast to capitalist countries where these principles were applied on a smaller scale. The paper starts with the premise that these cultural influences, together with the integration of the principles of modernism, caused the rejection and the loss of traditional and ambience values in architecture. Research has shown that these values play a very important role in meeting the needs of ecological and cultural sensitivity in architecture. In its final consequences, the results of research have revealed that, although widely criticized for its break with tradition and the loss of ambience values, residential architecture in Belgrade during the socialist era included significant aspirations of the architectural practice directed at the improvement of aspects of sustainability, and especially aspects of ecological and cultural sensitivity.

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the Social Security District Office [SSDO] building in Skopje, the capital of Macedonia, built between 1932 and 1934. The analysis is based on the archive research of mostly unpublished documents, in the form of original graphic and textual supplements to the project, documents on the construction and use of the building, and documents issued by the state and local authorities. Furthermore, the building itself has been thoroughly surveyed in terms of its condition and measurements, and the interviews were conducted with the employees. The building was designed by the Croatian architects Drago Ibler (1894-1964) and Drago Galic (1907-1992) as collaborator. Starting from a comparative analysis of this building and other buildings built in Skopje at the time as well as from an analysis of this building within the context of the entire Ibler's architecture, this paper provides fresh insights into the significance of this building for the promotion of modern architectural principles in the region and a proof of Ibler's engagement with social issues. Drago Ibler (born in Zagreb, 1894) was one of the leading figures of the 20th century Croatian architecture. He finished his high-school education in 1913 in his hometown and subsequently enrolled in the Royal Polytechnic in Dresden where he graduated in 1921. He started his professional career in the Berlin-based studio of Hans Poelzig where he was introduced to expressionist architecture. In 1925 he designed a highly-acclaimed theatre department in the Pavilion of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on the World exhibition (EXPO'25) in Paris which helped him establish his reputation on the architectural scene. In 1926 he became a professor in the newly-founded architectural department of the Academy of Fine Arts in Zagreb. In 1929 Ibler together with a group of artists founded and headed an association called \"Zemlja\" until its end in 1935. In this period he adopted functionalist architectural principles and realized a large number of buildings for various purposes. Those that certainly deserve to be singled out as an illustration of Ibler's active social engagement were social and healthcare facilities. At the time he designed and built quite a number of similar buildings: SSDO in Mostar (1930), the administration building of Hygienic Institute in Zagreb (1931), the high-school shelter in Zagreb (1931, unbuilt), SSDO in Skopje (1931) and SSDO in Osijek (1935, unbuilt). Between 1935 and 1964, Ibler designed and built a number of houses, residential and office buildings in Zagreb some of which are the building in Marticeva street (1936), Markulin house (1936), \"Wooden high-rise buillding\" and the building of the Executive Council of the Parliament, both built in 1958. In the first half of the 20th century, Skopje experienced large territorial and economic changes which substantially affected its urban development. Until the beginning of the Balkan wars in 1912 and the fall of the Ottoman Empire to which Skopje territorially belonged, the city developed as a typical oriental city. After the Balkan wars, Skopje became a part of the Kingdom of Serbia and after World War I it was incorporated into the newly-established state called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. A new phase of its development then began. In the new state the city's urban development was obviously marked by a tendency to get rid of the Ottoman traces and to modernize the city. Measures were undertaken to create new urban forms by spreading the urban areas to new territories and build new public buildings. The majority of public buildings of the period were designed in academic styles. This was largely due on one side to the official urban policy which aimed to establish the so-called \"national style\" and on the other to Classicist architecture which was favoured by the authorities. In such a context, the SSDO building stood in complete contrast to its immediate built environment. It was the first public structure in Skopje built on functionalist approach and the established Modernist principles. With this building Ibler introduced the \"new architecture\" to Skopje by following the essential principles of new aesthetics: the purity of architectural vocabulary, smooth facades devoid of unnecessary details, a modern structure, and the building technology of the new age. This architecture is primarily rational and logical, designed to meet the requirements for healthy living. In this respect the SSDO building represents a real Modernist breakthrough. Until the beginning of World War II Modernism gradually became publicly known and was widely accepted as a dominant architectural style of the century. It is in this context that the significance of Ibler's work is assessed in this paper and seen as a valuable contribution to the formation of the city's contemporary image and the development of Modern architecture in Skopje in the period between the two World Wars and after World War II. In the context of Ibler's professional work, the SSDO building deserves to be ranked as one of his remarkable achievements. Owing to his activities and initiative in the \"Zemlja\" association, Ibler had a major role in pursuing their goals: to raise public awareness of burning social issues that need to be addressed through modern architecture. With this building, Ibler proved his dedication to social issues. Besides, this building is one of his few projects built abroad. Despite the fact that he actively took part in numerous architectural competitions throughout his career and that his competition entries were often highly praised and awarded, he did not receive commissions from abroad. It is also worth mentioning that, unlike other Croatian architects whose projects were frequently modified or altered during construction in other countries, Ibler's building was entirely built in accordance with his design. This paper throws light on a segment of Ibler's work which has not been systematically researched so far and which has been largely inaccessible. The established facts in this paper may serve as a basis for further research on Ibler's architecture with the aim to assess its significance in promoting the principles of Modern architecture in the region and in particular in Skopje and Macedonia.

Information about informal Romani settlements housing are not found in books or archives. They are found \"live\", in settlements. The intent of this paper is to point out that they represent a world of signals that can be detected through the methodological tools of observation and discussion with residents; also and therefore, to create guidelines for operational tools useful for an aware and contemporary design of Romani house. The paper starts from the fact that including cultural components in projects that are meant for Romani housing should also include special spatial requests that refer to the enabling of the development of user's cultural characteristic. In parallel, the context is completed by the choice that cultural plurality only represents a path to a reciprocal education through the exchange of cultural components whose diversity is accepted as if they were values and that the construction of an adequate physical space dedicated to Romani housing alludes that besides accepting differences (seen as values, not as a value that represents the essence of separation) they also need to be understood. It is in fact this type of treatment of culture that is making a key stride, which is a principal change of the approach to the term culture itself from a humanistic determination to an anthropological determination of the term. In the anthropological definition of the term, culture is not selective, it includes all human activities and elements of heritage; it is not elitist i.e. it is not a characteristic of a small group but of society as a whole and is neutral in value since even culture in the sense of the lifestyle as a whole of a people or a group is equally good. In this key the main hypothesis is that a Romani settlement represents a key source of information on Romani housing, and that it is therefore possible to obtain such information by observing the lifestyle within the settlement and in communicating with the residents of the settlements. The paper will showcase a case study of a Romani settlement using a methodological apparatus that was inspired by the following aims: observe and talk/ask its concept and steps of research, as well as possible designing results that have been achieved in using such a procedure. The purpose of the paper is seen in collecting and archiving findings on housing in Romani settlements, thus achieving a double effect: building bases that will allow good quality planning for the future of the Romani house and the settlement on one hand, and on the other hand their significance for the city and strengthening consciousness about them is intensified.