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Civic identity and public space, focussing on Belfast, and bringing together the work of a historian and two social scientists, offers a new perspective on the sometimes lethal conflicts over parades, flags and other issues that continue to disrupt political life in Northern Ireland. It examines the emergence during the nineteenth century of the concept of public space and the development of new strategies for its regulation, the establishment, the new conditions created by the emergence in 1920 of a Northern Ireland state, of a near monopoly of public space enjoyed by Protestants and unionists, and the break down of that monopoly in more recent decades. Today policy makers and politicians struggle to devise a strategy for the management of public space in a divided city, while endeavouring to promote a new sense of civic identity that will transcend long-standing sectarian and political divisions.

English as a Foreign Language (EEL) empowers individuals from non-English-speaking countries to acquire English proficiency and opens the doors to countless opportunities. This applies to Japanese third-age learners enrolled in EEL programs for various reasons. However, EEL teachers face challenges in tailoring programs to the diverse needs of third-age learners. Using explanatory sequential inquiry, this study assessed the English proficiency level of Japanese third-age learners engaged in the EEL programs in five cities in Japan. The quantitative phase revealed that the English language proficiency (ELP) level of Japanese third-age learners as a whole is B1 or Intermediate. The rank biserial correlation coefficient shows a significant relationship between sex and ELP. The Spearman rank correlation shows a significant relationship between the third-age learners' ELP and age, educational background, and hours spent learning English per week. The qualitative phase revealed an affirmation of the quantitative findings through the two major themes (motivational factors and factors affecting ELP) generated from the participants' thick descriptions of their experiences. Integrating quantitative and qualitative findings resulted in several meta-inferences and emerging frameworks. It concluded that the ELP development among third-age learners is multifaceted. The complex interplay of sex dynamics, cultural norms, age, motivation, experiences, and learning mechanisms in promoting ELP must be considered. Lastly, the findings served as a foundational reference for designing and developing instructional materials (IMs) for Japanese third-age learners, potentially enhancing their EFL learning experience.

In a sample of young people in Northern Ireland (N = 819), we examine the relationships between the quality of experience with police officers and police legitimacy. We examine potential pathways through which experiences may either support or undermine the legitimacy of the police, and thus cooperation and compliance with them. We find evidence that perceptions of the police as having goals that align with those of wider society, and as being fair in general, mediate relations between the quality of encounters and legitimacy, which in turn mediates the relation with cooperation and compliance. Identification with wider society was not a reliable mediator, contrary to our predictions based on the Group Engagement Model. Moreover, our analysis of the structure of police fairness perceptions finds no support for the distinction between procedural and distributive police fairness as usually conceived. Implications for the social psychological understanding of legitimate authority are discussed.

IntroductionUrban green and blue space (UGBS) interventions, such as the development of an urban greenway, have the potential to provide public health benefits and multiple co-benefits in the realms of the environment, economy and society. This paper presents the protocol for a 5-year follow-up evaluation of the public health benefits and co-benefits of an urban greenway in Belfast, UK.Methods and analysisThe natural experiment evaluation uses a range of systems-oriented and mixed-method approaches. First, using group model building methods, we codeveloped a causal loop diagram with stakeholders to inform the evaluation framework. We will use other systems methods including viable systems modelling and soft systems methodology to understand the context of the system (ie, the intervention) and the stakeholders involved in the development, implementation and maintenance phases. The effectiveness evaluation includes a repeat cross-sectional household survey with a random sample of 1200 local residents (adults aged ≥16 years old) who live within 1 mile of the greenway. The survey is complemented with administrative data from the National Health Service. For the household survey, outcomes include physical activity, mental well-being, quality of life, social capital, perceptions of environment and biodiversity. From the administrative data, outcomes include prescription medications for a range of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory and mental health conditions. We also investigate changes in infectious disease rates, including COVID-19, and maternal and child health outcomes such as birth weight and gestational diabetes. A range of economic evaluation methods, including a cost-effectiveness analysis and social return on investment (SROI), will be employed. Findings from the household survey and administrative data analysis will be further explored in focus groups with a subsample of those who complete the household survey and the local community to explore possible mechanistic pathways and other impacts beyond those measured. Process evaluation methods include intercept surveys and direct observation of the number and type of greenway visitors using the Systems for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities tool. Finally, we will use methods such as weight of evidence, simulation and group model building, each embedding participatory engagement with stakeholders to help us interpret, triangulate and synthesise the findings.Ethics and disseminationTo our knowledge, this is one of the first natural experiments with a 5-year follow-up evaluation of an UGBS intervention. The findings will help inform future policy and practice on UGBS interventions intended to bring a range of public health benefits and co-benefits. Ethics approval was obtained from the Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Research Ethics Committee prior to the commencement of the study. All participants in the household survey and focus group workshops will provide written informed consent before taking part in the study. Findings will be reported to (1) participants and stakeholders; (2) funding bodies supporting the research; (3) local, regional and national governments to inform policy; (4) presented at local, national and international conferences and (5) disseminated by peer-review publications.

Civic identity and public space , focussing on Belfast, and bringing together the work of a historian and two social scientists, offers a new perspective on the sometimes lethal conflicts over parades, flags and other issues that continue to disrupt political life in Northern Ireland. It examines the emergence during the nineteenth century of the concept of public space and the development of new strategies for its regulation, the establishment, the new conditions created by the emergence in 1920 of a Northern Ireland state, of a near monopoly of public space enjoyed by Protestants and unionists, and the break down of that monopoly in more recent decades. Today policy makers and politicians struggle to devise a strategy for the management of public space in a divided city, while endeavouring to promote a new sense of civic identity that will transcend long-standing sectarian and political divisions.

There is probably no national day that has such global popularity as St. Patrick's Day. On St. Patrick's Day, it is reputed that 'Everyone is Irish'. What are the factors and factions that give the day such popular appeal? Is St. Patrick's Day the same around the world - in Japan, Northern Ireland and Montserrat - as it is in the Republic of Ireland and the United States? Just how does 'Irishness' figure in the celebration and commemoration of St. Patrick's Day, and how has this day been commoditized, consumed and contested? Does St. Patrick's Day 'belong' to the people, the nation or the brewery? This edited volume brings together the best St. Patrick's Day and Irish Studies scholars from the fields of history, anthropology, sociology, Irish studies, diaspora studies, and cultural studies. The volume thematically explores how St. Patrick's Day has been consumed from the symbolic to the literal, the religious to the political. By doing so, it offers a fresh examination of its importance in contemporary society. This volume will thus appeal to undergraduate and postgraduate students of Irish diaspora studies, and Irish historians and scholars, as well as to anthropology, sociology and cultural studies students interested in exploring St. Patrick's Day as a case study of globalization, migration and commoditization.

A detailed ethnographic and historical study of Orange Order parades.

This article presents a novel exploratory investigation into the location and characteristics of spaces that are segregated and shared between Protestant and Catholic communities in Belfast, Northern Ireland (UK). Focusing on a particularly segregated part of the city, this study uses state-of-the-art participatory geographic information systems (PGIS) and visualization techniques to create qualitative, bottom-up maps of segregation and sharing within the city, as experienced by the people who live there. In doing so, it identifies important and previously unreported patterns in segregation and sharing between sectarian communities, challenging normative approaches to PGIS and illustrating how alternative methods might provide deeper insights into complex social geographies such as those of segregation. Finally, the findings of this work are formulated into a set of hypotheses that can contribute to a future research agenda into segregation and sharing, both in Belfast and in other divided cities. Key Words: nonplace, PGIS, segregation, visualization. 本文对北爱尔兰（英国）贝尔法斯特的新教与天主教社群之间隔离与分享的空间区位及特徵, 提出崭新的解释性探讨。本研究聚焦该城市中特别受到隔离的部分, 运用最先进的参与式地理信息系统 (PGIS)以及可视化技术, 创造质化、由下而上的当地居民感受到的城市隔离和分享地图。本研究藉由这麽做, 指认出重要且过往未受到报导的教派社群间的隔离与分享模式, 挑战 PGIS 的规范性方法, 并阐明另类方法如何可能对诸如隔离等复杂的社会地理提出更为深刻的洞见。最后, 本研究的发现将形成一组假说, 对于有关在贝尔法斯特与其他分裂城市中的隔离与分享之未来研究议程作出贡献。 关键词：非地方, 参与式地理信息系统 (PGIS), 隔离, 可视化。 Este artículo presenta una nueva investigación exploratoria sobre la localización y características de espacios segregados y compartidos entre las comunidades protestantes y católicas de Belfast, Irlanda del Norte (RU). Enfocándose sobre una parte particularmente segregada de la ciudad, este estudio usa sistemas de información geográfica participativos (PSIG) de última generación y técnicas de visualización para crear mapas cualitativos ascendentes de segregación y participación dentro de la ciudad, tal como lo experimenta la gente que reside allí. Al hacerlo, se identifican importantes patrones de segregación y participación entre comunidades sectarias previamente inadvertidos, retando a los PSIG los enfoques normativos e ilustrando el modo como métodos alternativos podrían producir un entendimiento más profundo en las complejas geografías sociales, tales como las de la segregación. Por último, los hallazgos de este trabajo se formulan en un conjunto de hipótesis que pueden contribuir en una futura agenda de investigación de segregación y participación, tanto en Belfast como en otras ciudades divididas

The 2014 Research Excellence Framework sought for the first time to assess the impact that research was having beyond the boundaries of the university and the wider academic sphere. While the REF continued the approach of previous research assessment exercises in attempting to measure the overall quality of research and teaching within the higher-education sector, it also expected institutions to evidence how some of their research had had 'an effect on, change or benefit to the economy, society, culture, public policy or services, health, the environment or quality of life, beyond academia' (REF 2012: 48). This article provides a case study in how researchers in one U.K. anthropology department were able to demonstrate the impact of their work in the public sphere successfully as part of this major audit exercise.

Civic identity and public space, focussing on Belfast, and bringing together the work of a historian and two social scientists, offers a new perspective on the sometimes lethal conflicts over parades, flags and other issues that continue to disrupt political life in Northern Ireland. It examines the emergence during the nineteenth century of the concept of public space and the development of new strategies for its regulation, the establishment, the new conditions created by the emergence in 1920 of a Northern Ireland state, of a near monopoly of public space enjoyed by Protestants and unionists, and the break down of that monopoly in more recent decades. Today policy makers and politicians struggle to devise a strategy for the management of public space in a divided city, while endeavouring to promote a new sense of civic identity that will transcend long-standing sectarian and political divisions.