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Background Previous meta‐analyses have shown mixed results regarding the association between eating disorders (EDs) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Our paper aimed to analyse different EDs and disordered eating behaviours that may be practiced by patients with T1DM. Methods A literature search of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science was conducted on 17 January 2023, using the key terms “T1DM,” “Eating Disorders” and “Bulimia.” Only observational controlled studies were included. The Revman software (version 5.4) was used for the analysis. Results T1DM was associated with increased risk of ED compared with nondiabetic individuals (RR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.84–3.32, p‐value < 0.00001), especially bulimia nervosa (RR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.18–6.65, p‐value = 0.02) and binge eating (RR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.18–1.98, p‐value = 0.001). Our analysis has shown that increased risk of ED among T1DM persisted regardless of the questionnaire used to diagnose ED; DM‐validated questionnaires (RR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.91–4.12, p‐value < 0.00001) and generic questionnaires (RR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.27–3.23, p‐value = 0.003). Prevalence of insulin omission/misuse was 10.3%; diabetic females demonstrated a significantly higher risk of insulin omission and insulin misuse than diabetic males. Conclusion Our study establishes a significant and clear connection between EDs and T1DM, particularly bulimia and binge eating, with T1DM. Moreover, female diabetics are at higher risk of insulin misuse/omission. Early proactive screening is essential and tailored; comprehensive interventions combining diabetes and ED components are recommended for this population, with referral to a specialised psychiatrist. Patients with T1DM had a higher risk of eating disorders than the control group. Specifically, bulimia nervosa and binge eating exhibited statistically significant associations with T1DM, while anorexia nervosa did not. The risk of disordered eating behaviours did not differ significantly between patients with T1DM and the control group. However, diabetic patients did exhibit a significantly elevated risk of insulin omission/misuse.

Background Menstrual irregularities are associated with various health risks, but their connection to cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the link between irregular menstruation and cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes in women. Methods A systematic search of online databases was conducted for studies comparing cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes between women with irregular and regular menstrual cycles. Pooled risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated adopting a random effects model. Results Eight observational studies involving 354,419 women were analyzed. Women with irregular menstrual cycles had a significantly higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease overall (RR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.01–2.03) compared to those with regular cycles. Subgroup analyses showed an increased risk of coronary artery disease (RR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.14–1.46), hypertension (RR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.23–1.82), and heart failure (RR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.11–1.89) among women with irregular cycles. Cerebrovascular disease risk was elevated in this group (RR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.10–2.40). Furthermore, women with irregular cycles demonstrated a greater likelihood of developing diabetes mellitus (RR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.31–2.34) and hypercholesterolemia (RR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.16–1.52). Conclusion Menstrual irregularities are linked to an increased risk of various cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and metabolic conditions. This underscores the need for regular medical check-ups to aid in early detection and prevention of these diseases.