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A novel bare-bones particle swarm optimization (BBPSO) algorithm is proposed to realize intelligent mine ventilation decision-making and overcome the problems of low precision, low speed, and difficulty in converging on an optimal global solution. The proposed method determines the decision objective function based on the minimal power consumption and maximal air demand. Three penalty terms, namely, dynamic ventilation condition, the supplied air volume at the location where the air is required, and roadway wind speed, are established. The particle construction method of “wind resistance” instead of “wind resistance & air volume” is proposed to reduce the calculation dimension effectively. Three optimization strategies, namely the contraction factor, optimal initial value, and elastic mirror image, are proposed to avoid premature convergence of the algorithm. The application flow of intelligent decision-making in the field and the parallel computing architecture are also discussed. Five methods are used to solve the problems. The results reveal that the improved parallel BBPSO algorithm (BBPSO-Para-Improved) outperforms other algorithms in terms of convergence efficiency, convergence time, and global optimization performance and meets the requirements of large ventilation systems for achieving economic and safety targets.

This study investigates the maximum temperature in tunnel fires under forced ventilation conditions by constructing a 1:10 scale experimental model and using numerical simulations. A dimensionless derivation of the maximum temperature is provided for the case where the fire source is at the end of the excavation tunnel. A correction factor for the maximum temperature prediction coefficient is suggested in situations when the fire source is situated in the center of the excavation tunnel. The results of the highest temperature in the experimental and FDS simulation results under different fire source conditions have a good fitting performance, and the correlation is 0.899 and 0.913. The effect of the forced ventilation outlet distance on maximum temperature was analyzed through wind flow and temperature field distributions. The study concludes that an optimal layout for the ventilation system is important, particularly by considering both the maximum temperature and the ventilation volume. This research addresses the gap in understanding maximum temperatures in excavation tunnel fires and offers valuable insights for fire suppression strategies, rescue operations, and the prevention of secondary disasters in such environments.

Gut microbial symbionts are increasingly recognized as key modulators of host insect physiology and behavior, yet their role in pheromone-mediated chemical communication remains insufficiently understood. In this study, we investigated the wood-boring beetle Trigonorhinus sp., a pest of Caragana liouana, to determine the necessity of gut bacteria for male aggregation pheromone release. A combination of antibiotic-mediated bacterial depletion, quantitative PCR, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and Y-tube olfactometry was employed. Antibiotic treatment resulted in a marked reduction in gut bacterial load and a concomitant decrease of more than 85% in the emission of two key pheromone components, 2,6,10,14-tetramethylheptadecane and heptacosane. Behavioral assays demonstrated that females no longer exhibited significant attraction to treated males. Furthermore, defined recolonization with a single cultured gut isolate, Acinetobacter guillouiae, was sufficient to rescue pheromone emission. This indicates that particular gut taxa, rather than microbial biomass alone, are essential for pheromone biosynthesis. These findings demonstrate a decisive role of gut bacteria in the chemical communication of Trigonorhinus sp. and highlight the potential of symbiont-targeted strategies for pest management.

Layered Ni-rich materials for lithium-ion batteries exhibit high discharge capacities but degraded cyclability at the same time. The limited cycling stability originates from many aspects. One of the critical factors is the intrinsic insulating residual lithium compounds and the rock-salt (NiO) phase on the surface of particles. In this work, LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 material is etched with a trace amount of boric acid and used as a model to demonstrate the influences of weak acid treatment on the surface phase regulations. After the etching process, the pH of the material is reduced from 12.08 to 11.82, along with a lower cation mixing degree and promoting electrochemical performances. Corresponding measurements demonstrate that weak acids such as H 3 BO 3 can also etch the NiO phase on the surface to adjust the surface of the particles to a pure layered structure. This process improves the lithium-ion diffusion and electron transport in the interface between material and electrolyte, consequently leading to better cycling performance and rate capability. This study provides a novel strategy and comprehensive understanding of acid modification and surface phase regulation process of Ni-rich cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Machine learning has become increasingly popular in academic and industrial communities and has been widely implemented in various online applications due to its powerful ability to analyze and use data. Among all the machine learning models, decision tree models stand out due to their great interpretability and simplicity, and have been implemented in cloud computing services for various purposes. Despite its great success, the integrity issue of online decision tree prediction is a growing concern. The correctness and consistency of decision tree predictions in cloud computing systems need more security guarantees since verifying the correctness of the model prediction remains challenging. Meanwhile, blockchain has a promising prospect in two-party machine learning services as the immutable and traceable characteristics satisfy the verifiable settings in machine learning services. In this paper, we initiate the study of decision tree prediction services on blockchain systems and propose VDT, a Verifiable Decision Tree prediction scheme for decision tree prediction. Specifically, by leveraging the Merkle tree and hash function, the scheme allows the service provider to generate a verification proof to convince the client that the output of the decision tree prediction is correctly computed on a particular data sample. It is further extended to an update method for a verifiable decision tree to modify the decision tree model efficiently. We prove the security of the proposed VDT schemes and evaluate their performance using real datasets. Experimental evaluations show that our scheme requires less than one second to produce verifiable proof.

Constructing composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) integrating the merits of inorganic and organic components is a promising approach to developing high‐performance all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs). CSEs are now capable of achieving homogeneous and fast Li‐ion flux, but how to escape the trade‐off between mechanical modulus and adhesion is still a challenge. Herein, a strategy to address this issue is proposed, that is, intercalating highly conductive, homogeneous, and viscous‐fluid ionic conductors into robust coordination laminar framework to construct laminar solid electrolyte with homogeneous and fast Li‐ion conduction (LSE‐HFC). A 9 µm‐thick LSH‐HFC, in which poly(ethylene oxide)/succinonitrile is adsorbed by coordination laminar framework with metal–organic framework nanosheets as building blocks, is used here as an example to determine the validity. The Li‐ion transfer mechanism is verified and works across the entire LSE‐HFC, which facilitates homogeneous Li‐ion flux and low migration energy barriers, endowing LSE‐HFC with high ionic conductivity of 5.62 × 10−4 S cm−1 and Li‐ion transference number of 0.78 at 25 °C. Combining the outstanding mechanical strength against punctures and the enhanced adhesion force with electrodes, LSE‐HFC harvests uniform Li plating/stripping behavior. These enable the realization of high‐energy‐density ASSLMBs with excellent cycling stability when being assembled as LiFePO4/Li and LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2/Li cells. A thin laminar solid electrolyte can actualize the homogeneous and fast Li‐ion flux while also breaking the trade‐off between mechanical modulus and adhesion. The robust coordination laminar framework allows electrolytes to achieve a high Young's modulus against punctures. Viscous‐fluid ionic conductor confined in coordination laminar framework provides homogeneous and fast Li‐ion transport channels and adhesive contact with electrodes.

Highlights Quantifying the aging mechanisms and their evolution patterns during battery aging is crucial for enabling renewable energy. The uniform electrode/electrolyte interface (EEI) film on the electrode surface has an important impact on the energy density, cycling performance and power density of the battery. Multi-step segmented indirect activation strategy promotes the formation of uniform EEI and suppresses iron dissolved in the electrolyte. The dissolution of iron from the cathode and electrode/electrolyte interface (EEI) during long cycles significantly accelerates the aging process of LiFePO 4 (LFP)/graphite batteries; there is a lack of systematic understanding of the spatial distribution of the EEI interface layer and the dissolve of Fe ions, especially in terms of the mechanism of the cathode–electrolyte interphase (CEI), solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and iron dissolution. In this study, aged cells were subjected to continuous activation with constant current and multi-step segmented indirect activation (IA) and analyzed for capacity fade, impedance growth, and active Li + mass loss at the EEI and nanoscale levels. The interaction between dissolved Fe 2+ and the EEI in LFP/graphite pouch batteries was proposed and verified. The findings indicate that during IA process, the electric field facilitates the migration of solvated ions toward the electrodes, while simultaneously inhibiting the formation of organic species such as ROCO 2 Li. The SEI primarily consists of a mixture of organic and inorganic small molecules, forming a continuous and uniform film on the electrode surface. This study demonstrates that IA favors the formation of a uniform EEI and offers constructive insights for advancing accelerated lifetime prediction strategies in lithium-ion batteries.

The burgeoning growth in electric vehicles and portable energy storage systems necessitates advances in the energy density and cost‐effectiveness of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), areas where lithium‐rich manganese‐based oxide (LLO) materials naturally stand out. Despite their inherent advantages, these materials encounter significant practical hurdles, including low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), diminished cycle/rate performance, and voltage fading during cycling, hindering their widespread adoption. In response, we introduce an ionic‐electronic dual‐conductive (IEDC) surface control strategy that integrates an electronically conductive graphene framework with an ionically conductive heteroepitaxial spinel Li4Mn5O12 layer. Prolonged electrochemical and structural analyses demonstrate that this IEDC heterostructure effectively minimizes polarization, mitigates structural distortion, and enhances electronic/ionic diffusion. Density functional theory calculations highlight an extensive Li+ percolation network and lower Li+ migration energies at the layered‐spinel interface. The designed LLO cathode with IEDC interface engineering (LMOSG) exhibits improved ICE (82.9% at 0.1 C), elevated initial discharge capacity (296.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C), exceptional rate capability (176.5 mAh g−1 at 5 C), and outstanding cycle stability (73.7% retention at 5 C after 500 cycles). These findings and the novel dual‐conductive surface architecture design offer promising directions for advancing high‐performance electrode materials. An ionic‐electronic dual‐conductor interface engineering with highly connective Li+ percolation networks and reduced Li+ migration energies is developed to comprehensively enable the reversible cationic–anionic redox chemistry in lithium‐rich manganese‐based oxide cathodes. The prolonged electrochemical/structural evolution analysis and theoretical study suggest that architecture design significantly prevents structural distortion and promotes rapid electron and ion diffusion.

Semiclosed tunnels are very common in engineering construction. They are not connected, so they easily accumulate heat. Once a fire breaks out in a semiclosed tunnel, the route for rescue workers to enter is limited, so it is tough to get close to the fire source. In this paper, taking a mine excavation roadway with local pressure ventilation as an example, the temperature field distribution and water spray fire prevention characteristics of the excavation roadway face were studied using numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. This paper provides an explanation of a dynamics-based smoke management method for water spraying in a semiclosed tunnel as well as the equilibrium relationship between droplet drag force and smoke buoyancy. A method was first developed to calculate the quantity of smoke blockage based on the thickness of the smoke congestion. The local ventilation and smoke movement created a circulating flow in the excavation face, which was discovered by investigating the velocity and temperature fields of the excavation face. The size of the high-temperature area and the pattern of temperature stratification varied due to this circulating flow. When local ventilation and sprinkler systems were operating simultaneously, when the volume of smoke was small, the smoke avoided the majority of the water spray effect with the circulation flow; however, when the volume of smoke was large, the effect of the circulation flow decreased and the smoke gathered close to the sprinkler head. At this time, the blocking effect of the water spray was significant. The mean square error analysis revealed that activating the sprinkler had the most significant cooling impact on the wall on one side of the air duct.

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) serves as a commonly used cathode material in lithium‐ion batteries and is an essential power source for consumer electronics and electric vehicles. Nevertheless, significant degradation in its electrochemical performance occurs at low temperatures, leading to energy and power losses, challenges in charging, a reduced lifespan, and heightened safety concerns—critical factors for LiFePO4 applications. This review outlines recent progress aimed at enhancing the low‐temperature performance of LiFePO4 batteries, concentrating on the mechanisms involved in various modification strategies. The primary factors contributing to the reduced performance of LiFePO4 at subzero temperatures are first examined. A variety of strategies designed to improve the interfacial and internal electrochemical reaction kinetics of LiFePO4 cathodes under cold conditions are emphasized, and feasible approaches to improve low‐temperature kinetics are also presented. These include optimizing cell design to enhance inherent reactivity and employing heating techniques to raise external reaction temperatures. In conclusion, this review discusses the challenges and limitations associated with LiFePO4 batteries in low‐temperature settings and examines advancements in low‐temperature lithium‐ion batteries from the cell to the system level. The insights provided are intended to motivate further developments in lithium‐ion batteries and other technologies tailored for subzero applications. This review discusses the challenges and limitations associated with LiFePO4 batteries in low‐temperature settings and tracks the advancements in low‐temperature lithium‐ion batteries from the cell to the system level. The insights provided are intended to motivate further developments in lithium‐ion batteries and other technologies tailored for subzero applications.