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"Dong, Lin"
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POLE/POLD1 mutation and tumor immunotherapy
POLE
and
POLD1
encode the catalytic and proofreading subunits of DNA polymerase ε and polymerase δ, and play important roles in DNA replication and proofreading.
POLE/POLD1
exonuclease domain mutations lead to loss of proofreading function, which causes the accumulation of mutant genes in cells.
POLE/POLD1
mutations are not only closely related to tumor formation, but are also a potential molecular marker for predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy in pan-carcinomatous species. The association of
POLE/POLD1
mutation, ultra-high mutation load, and good prognosis have recently become the focus of clinical research. This article reviews the function of
POLE/POLD1
, its relationship with deficient mismatch repair/high microsatellite instability, and the role of
POLE/POLD1
mutation in the occurrence and development of various tumors.
Journal Article
Recent Progress in Electronic Skin
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and can sense pressure, temperature, and other complex environmental stimuli or conditions. The mimicry of human skin's sensory ability via electronics is a topic of innovative research that could find broad applications in robotics, artificial intelligence, and human–machine interfaces, all of which promote the development of electronic skin (e‐skin). To imitate tactile sensing via e‐skins, flexible and stretchable pressure sensor arrays are constructed based on different transduction mechanisms and structural designs. These arrays can map pressure with high resolution and rapid response beyond that of human perception. Multi‐modal force sensing, temperature, and humidity detection, as well as self‐healing abilities are also exploited for multi‐functional e‐skins. Other recent progress in this field includes the integration with high‐density flexible circuits for signal processing, the combination with wireless technology for convenient sensing and energy/data transfer, and the development of self‐powered e‐skins. Future opportunities lie in the fabrication of highly intelligent e‐skins that can sense and respond to variations in the external environment. The rapidly increasing innovations in this area will be important to the scientific community and to the future of human life. Electronic skins (e‐skins) that mimic the sensory ability of human skin have recently emerged as a research hotspot due to their promising applications in biomimetic robotics, prosthetics, and other applications. Soft tactile sensor arrays are used in e‐skins for high‐quality pressure mapping, and more comprehensive functional modules are under development. Continuous innovations in this field will advance the practical usability of e‐skins.
Journal Article
Trends in intracranial meningioma incidence in the United States, 2004‐2015
Background Meningioma incidence was reported to have risen substantially in the United States during the first decade of the 21st century. There are few reports about subsequent incidence trends. This study provides updated data to investigate trends in meningioma incidence by demographic and tumor characteristics at diagnosis in the United states from 2004 to 2015. Methods Trends in meningioma incidence were analyzed using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results‐18 (SEER‐18) registry database of the National Cancer Institute. The joinpoint program was used to calculate annual percent change (APC) in incidence rates. Results The overall incidence of meningioma increased by 4.6% (95% CI, 3.4‐5.9) annually in 2004‐2009, but remained stable from 2009 to 2015 (APC, 0; 95% CI, −0.8 to 0.8). Females (10.66 per 100 000 person‐years) and blacks (9.52 per 100 000 person‐years) had significant predominance in meningioma incidence. Incidence in many subgroups increased significantly up to 2009 and then remained stable until 2015. However, meningioma incidence in young and middle‐aged people increased significantly throughout the entire time period from 2004 to 2015 (APC: 3.6% for <20‐year‐olds; 2.5% for 20‐39‐year‐olds; 1.8% for 40‐59‐year‐olds). The incidence of WHO II meningioma increased during 2011‐2015 (APC = 5.4%), while the incidence of WHO III meningioma decreased during 2004‐2015 (APC = −5.6%). Conclusion In this study, the incidence of meningioma was found to be stable in recent years. Possible reasons for this finding include changes in population characteristics, the widespread use of diagnostic techniques, and changes in tumor classification and risk factors in the US population. We evaluated trends in meningioma incidence according to demographic and tumor characteristics at diagnosis in the United States during 2004‐2015. We found the incidence of meningioma increased significantly in 2004‐2009 and became stable in 2009‐2015. It challenged the prevailing notion that the US meningioma incidence has increased for decades.
Journal Article
A Carbon Foam with Sodiophilic Surface for Highly Reversible, Ultra‐Long Cycle Sodium Metal Anode
Sodium metal anodes combine low redox potential (−2.71 V versus SHE) and high theoretical capacity (1165 mAh g−1), becoming a promising anode material for sodium‐ion batteries. Due to the infinite volume change, unstable SEI films, and Na dendrite growth, it is arduous to achieve a long lifespan. Herein, an oxygen‐doped carbon foam (OCF) derived from starch is reported. Heteroatom doping can significantly reduce the nucleation resistance of sodium metal; combined with its rich pore structure and large specific surface area, OCF provides abundant nucleation sites to effectively guide the nucleation and subsequent growth of sodium metal, and the nature of this foam can accommodate the deposited sodium. Furthermore, a more uniform, robust, and stable SEI layer is observed on the surface of OCF electrode, so it can maintain ultra‐high reversibility and excellent integrity for a long time without dendritic growth. As a result, when the current density is 10 mA cm−2, the electrode can maintain stable 2000 cycles and the coulombic efficiency can reach to 99.83%. Na@OCF||Na3V2(PO4)3 full cell also has extremely high capacity retention of about 97.53% over 150 cycles. These results provide a simple but effective method for achieving the safety and commercialization of sodium metal anode. An O‐doped carbon foam with a sodiophilic surface is constructed and applied to the sodium metal anode. The excellent sodiophilic property, abundant porous structure, and large specific surface make the material stable during multiple plating/stripping processes, and no sodium dendrites are formed. Consequently, the sodium metal battery exhibits excellent electrochemical performance.
Journal Article
How Are Macro-Scale and Micro-Scale Built Environments Associated with Running Activity? The Application of Strava Data and Deep Learning in Inner London
Running can promote public health. However, the association between running and the built environment, especially in terms of micro street-level factors, has rarely been studied. This study explored the influence of built environments at different scales on running in Inner London. The 5Ds framework (density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, and distance to transit) was used to classify the macro-scale features, and computer vision (CV) and deep learning (DL) were used to measure the micro-scale features. We extracted the accumulated GPS running data of 40,290 sample points from Strava. The spatial autoregressive combined (SAC) model revealed the spatial autocorrelation effect. The result showed that, for macro-scale features: (1) running occurs more frequently on trunk, primary, secondary, and tertiary roads, cycleways, and footways, but runners choose tracks, paths, pedestrian streets, and service streets relatively less; (2) safety, larger open space areas, and longer street lengths promote running; (3) streets with higher accessibility might attract runners (according to a spatial syntactic analysis); and (4) higher job density, POI entropy, canopy density, and high levels of PM 2.5 might impede running. For micro-scale features: (1) wider roads (especially sidewalks), more streetlights, trees, higher sky openness, and proximity to mountains and water facilitate running; and (2) more architectural interfaces, fences, and plants with low branching points might hinder running. The results revealed the linkages between built environments (on the macro- and micro-scale) and running in Inner London, which can provide practical suggestions for creating running-friendly cities.
Journal Article
Aging shifts mitochondrial dynamics toward fission to promote germline stem cell loss
Changes in mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission) are known to occur during stem cell differentiation; however, the role of this phenomenon in tissue aging remains unclear. Here, we report that mitochondrial dynamics are shifted toward fission during aging of Drosophila ovarian germline stem cells (GSCs), and this shift contributes to aging‐related GSC loss. We found that as GSCs age, mitochondrial fragmentation and expression of the mitochondrial fission regulator, Dynamin‐related protein (Drp1), are both increased, while mitochondrial membrane potential is reduced. Moreover, preventing mitochondrial fusion in GSCs results in highly fragmented depolarized mitochondria, decreased BMP stemness signaling, impaired fatty acid metabolism, and GSC loss. Conversely, forcing mitochondrial elongation promotes GSC attachment to the niche. Importantly, maintenance of aging GSCs can be enhanced by suppressing Drp1 expression to prevent mitochondrial fission or treating with rapamycin, which is known to promote autophagy via TOR inhibition. Overall, our results show that mitochondrial dynamics are altered during physiological aging, affecting stem cell homeostasis via coordinated changes in stemness signaling, niche contact, and cellular metabolism. Such effects may also be highly relevant to other stem cell types and aging‐induced tissue degeneration. Aging shifts mitochondrial balance toward fission; fragmented mitochondria with low membrane potential (△Ψ), and ROS levels, along with decreased BMP signaling causing GSC loss. Marf depletion induces highly fragmented mitochondria with low fatty acid (FA) oxidation, causing oil droplet (LD) accumulation, and attenuated BMP signaling that cause GSC loss. Drp1 depletion generates elongated mitochondria and increased E‐cadherin expression to strengthen GSC competitiveness for niche occupancy.
Journal Article
Confined small-sized cobalt catalysts stimulate carbon-chain growth reversely by modifying ASF law of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is a promising technology to convert syngas derived from non-petroleum-based resources to valuable chemicals or fuels. Selectively producing target products will bring great economic benefits, but unfortunately it is theoretically limited by Anderson–Schulz–Flory (ASF) law. Herein, we synthesize size-uniformed cobalt nanocrystals embedded into mesoporous SiO
2
supports, which is likely the structure of water-melon seeds inside pulps. We successfully tune the selectivity of products from diesel-range hydrocarbons (66.2%) to gasoline-range hydrocarbons (62.4%) by controlling the crystallite sizes of confined cobalt from 7.2 to 11.4 nm, and modify the ASF law. Generally, larger Co crystallites increase carbon-chain growth, producing heavier hydrocarbons. But here, we interestingly observe a reverse phenomenon: the uniformly small-sized cobalt crystallites can strongly adsorb active C* species, and the confined structure will inhibit aggregation of cobalt crystallites and escape of reaction intermediates in FTS, inducing the higher selectivity towards heavier hydrocarbons.
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is theoretically limited by Anderson–Schulz–Flory (ASF) law. Here, the authors successfully tune the selectivity of products from diesel-range hydrocarbons to gasoline-range hydrocarbons in FTS by controlling the crystallite sizes of confined cobalt, and modify the ASF law.
Journal Article
Soil degradation influences soil bacterial and fungal community diversity in overgrazed alpine meadows of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Over half of the alpine meadows in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) are degraded due to human activities. Soil degradation from overgrazing is the most direct cause of grassland degradation. It is thus important to synthesize the effects of multiple soil degradation indicators on the belowground biomass of plants and soil microorganisms in the degraded QTP. We studied the diversities and structures of soil bacterial and fungal communities using soil bacterial 16S rRNA and the fungal ITS gene under four degradation gradients, D1: lightly degraded, D2: moderately degraded, D3: highly degraded, and a non-degraded control site (CK). The bacterial Shannon diversity in D3 was significantly lower than that in D1 (
p
< 0.001), and the bacterial richness index in D3 was significantly lower than that in D1 (
p
< 0.001). There was no difference in soil fungal diversity among the different degradation levels; however, soil fungal richness decreased significantly from CK to D3. The phyla
Actinobacteria
,
Acidobacteria
and the genus
Mortierella
were differed significantly under the four degradation gradients. Plant litter mass and root C/N ratio were important factors associated with bacterial and fungal diversity and richness. These results indicated that alpine meadow degradation can lead to variations in both microbial diversity and the potential functioning of micro-organisms in the QTP.
Journal Article