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As an effective approach to mitigating urban environmental issues, New Energy Vehicles (NEVs) have become a focal point of research regarding their current development status and future prospects in China. Addressing the significant disparities in the development of the NEVs industry across different cities, this study focuses on ten typical Chinese cities and develops a novel multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) framework to evaluate the prospects of NEVs promotion in these cities. The study first establishes a comprehensive indicator system that covers key dimensions such as economy, policy support, infrastructure, technological innovation, and environment, encompassing five different types of evaluation information. This system incorporates five different types of evaluation information: exact numbers, interval numbers, triangular fuzzy numbers, hesitant fuzzy numbers, and probabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTS), enhancing the framework’s ability to handle diverse data types. Subsequently, the improved entropy (IEntropy) weight method is employed to determine the objective weights of the evaluation indicators. These objective weights are then integrated with the Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) method, facilitating a structured group decision-making approach that synthesizes hybrid evaluation information. Based on modular thinking, hybrid evaluation information is synthesized to evaluate and rank the NEVs development prospects of each city. Sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis further demonstrate the robustness and reliability of the proposed MADM framework. The ranking results indicate that Shanghai and Guangzhou lead in NEVs promotion, while cities like Harbin and Zhengzhou lag behind. Based on these findings, the study proposes targeted policy recommendations to promote the sustainable development of the NEVs industry in major Chinese cities.

Assessing the urban green transportation development level (UGTDL) is of great significance for addressing traffic issues in megacities and promoting urban sustainable development. An evaluation framework for the UGTDL is proposed based on Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods. Firstly, from both macro and micro perspectives, a comprehensive evaluation indicator system is constructed, covering multiple dimensions such as traffic spatial organization efficiency, green travel, new energy vehicle development, traffic safety, and the traffic environment. Secondly, to address the uncertainties and fuzziness in the evaluation process, the Probability Language Term Set (PLTS) is introduced to represent expert evaluation information, thereby reducing the information loss. Thirdly, the improved Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) method is employed to calculate the weights of the indicators, improving the computational efficiency. Finally, the extended Combined Compromise Solution (CoCoSo) method is used to calculate the UGTDL, avoiding the compensatory issues in the traditional decision-making methods. The proposed approach is applied to assess the UGTDL in Guangzhou from 2020 to 2023. The results show that the UGTDL scores for Guangzhou from 2020 to 2023 are 1.6367, 2.2325, 2.1141, and 1.8575, respectively. Sensitivity analysis verifies the effectiveness and stability of the approach. Further obstacle analysis shows that the promotion of new energy vehicles (NEVs) has led to a marginal decrease in the utility of Guangzhou’s UGTDL. In the future, Guangzhou should take further measures to improve the traffic space organization efficiency and traffic safety.

Middle-lower crust and mantle rocks are generally widely exposed in metamorphic core complex or gneiss dome, which is an ideal place to study the exhumation process related to regional extension and rheology. The Laojunshan metamorphic complex in southeastern Yunnan is located in a special tectonic position surrounded by the Cathaysia, Yangtze and Indochina blocks. It is composed of different metamorphic-deformation rocks and granitic intrusions. There also are many economic deposits (e.g., tin and tungsten) that are spatially and genetically associated with the formation and exhumation of the Laojunshan gneiss dome. Based on detailed analysis of macro- and microscopic structure, stress field distribution and deformation condition, the tectonic units of the Laojunshan metamorphic complex show obvious characteristics of doming, as well as of typical structural units of metamorphic core complex. It has strongly deformed metamorphic gneiss core (footwall), detachment fault system and sedimentary cover (hanging wall) with lightly metamorphism and deformation. The footwall of gneiss dome presents a strongly ductile deformation domain, accompanied by different ages of granitic intrusions. The distribution of developed foliation and lineation within granitic gneisses are arc-shaped and radial, respectively, with a nearly N-S trending from the footwall to the hanging wall. Mylonitization of deformed rocks gradually weakens and transits to orthogneiss as it moves away from the detachment fault toward the footwall. The low angle detachment fault between the footwall and the hanging wall shows an arc-like shape feature. Mylonite fabrics are preserved in the deformed rocks of the detachment fault, which are mainly composed of chloritized schist, fault breccia, cataclasite and fault gouge. A large number of normal faults are developed in detachment faults and hanging wall, and their stress fields radiate in an arc around the footwall. Zircon U-Pb ages of amphibolite and granitic gneiss from the footwall range from 445 to 420 Ma, indicating the timing of Caledonian magmatic emplacement and the main formation period of the Laojunshan gneiss dome. U-Pb ages of the zircon metamorphic rims are 241–230 Ma, representing the timing of high temperature metamorphism and shortened deformation of the Indosinian collision. In this period, the Laojunshan gneiss dome experienced the tectonic compression in association with high temperature metamorphism-deformation, which was superimposed by detachment and extensional exhumation in association with intense hydrothermal interaction and mineralization in the late stage.

In this study, cucumber seedlings were treated with Scenedesmus obliquus at different concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1 g·L−1) under saline–alkali stress (60 mM and 90 mM). The effects of Scenedesmus obliquus on the repair of cucumber seedlings under saline–alkali stress were explored from physiological and morphological perspectives by measuring growth physiological indices and observing microstructure. It provides a cytological basis for the development of microalgae biofertilizer. The results showed that the addition of Scenedesmus obliquus effectively alleviated the physiological and structural damage in cucumber seedlings caused by saline–alkali stress, with the best mitigation effect at 0.75 g·L−1. More specifically, the addition of Scenedesmus obliquus significantly improved seedling fresh weight and plant height under saline–alkali stress, increased stem vascular vessel diameter, thickened vessel walls, reduced structural damage, the structural recovery of mitochondria, nuclei, and other organelles in the phloem; The results showed that root xylem vessel distribution became more centralized, vessel diameter decreased, and wall thickness decreased, with other changes similar to those in the stem; The number and volume of mesophyll cells increased, chloroplast morphology recovered, and chlorophyll content rose, effectively alleviating the impact of saline–alkali stress on photosynthesis. MDA content decreased, mitigating oxidative damage caused by saline–alkali stress.

Mineral carbonation of mafic–ultramafic rocks has been highlighted as a promising way for permanent carbon capture and storage. Carbonatization involves the release of Ca, Mg and Fe from silicate minerals by dissolution and reaction in the aqueous phase to form stable carbonate minerals. Diopside is one of the most abundant mafic minerals in the lithosphere and contributes a portion of Mg and Ca to surface weathering. Here, we present detailed processes of the carbonation-coupled serpentinization of diopsidite from the Yushishan Nb–Ta deposit in the Altun Mountain, northwest China. Diopsidite is the prograde metamorphic product of siliceous dolomitic marble by full decarbonation process. Retrograde serpentinization and carbonation of diopsidite lead to the addition of CO 2 , H 2 O, light rare earth elements and fluid-mobile elements but the loss of SiO 2 . The diopsides are replaced by calcite and chrysotile by mineral alteration to form pseudomorphic textures. Dissolution–precipitation processes significantly affect diopside serpentinization and carbonation. The carbonation of diopside-rich rocks may be suitable for permanent CO 2 storage.

Contamination of soils with cadmium (Cd) is a serious problem worldwide. Solanum nigrum L. is reported as a Cd hyperaccumulator, but its enrichment capacity is limited. 2,4-Epibrassinolide (2,4-EBL) plays important roles in plant response to various stresses. Little is known about its effect on Cd tolerance in S. nigrum . Current study was performed to demonstrate effects of 2,4-EBL on plant growth, photosynthesis activity, activities of antioxidants, and Cd concentration in plants by nutrient solution contaminated with Cd. Results revealed that S. nigrum exhibited toxicity to Cd stress, including reducing plant height, root length, and chlorophyll content and increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Exogenous application of 2,4-EBL significantly enhanced the contents of proline and soluble sugar and decreased the MDA content. Meanwhile, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) markedly increased compared with the control. Interesting, 2,4-EBL promoted photosynthesis by increasing the chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm. And increase in chlorophyll content is caused by increased expression of synthetic genes and decreased expression of degraded genes. 2,4-EBL also decreased accumulation of Cd in S. nigrum compared with single Cd stress. According to the present results, 2,4-EBL can effectively be used to alleviate the damage of Cd stress in S. nigrum and probably in other solanaceae.

To explore the effect of curing mechanism on the mechanical properties and sulfuric acid corrosion resistance of the geopolymer recycled aggregate concrete (GRAC), the specimens were cured at high temperature (60°C, 80°C) for 6 h, 24 h and 48 h respectively, and then lasted up to 7 d at room temperature. After the curing period was over, the laboratory accelerated simulation test of specimens was carried out by the periodic immersion method: the GRAC specimens (ϕ 50 × 100 mm) were immersed in the sulfuric acid solution with pH = 1 for 5 d and then dried at room temperature for 24 h, with a total circulation of 90 d. The results showed that after being eroded by sulfuric acid solution, the GRAC specimens cured at 60°C for 48 h had higher compressive strength with 19.9 MPa, lower mass loss rate (only 0.23%) and neutralization depth (5.71 mm) than those under other curing time. The GRAC specimens cured 80°C for 24 h also had a good performance: compressive strength achieved 16.9 MPa and had lower neutralization depth (5.99 mm), which was less affected by sulfuric acid corrosion. However, the GRAC specimens cured at 60°C for 48 h had the better mechanical properties than that cured at 80°C for 24 h. Excessive high temperature curing (80°C) would lead to more voids and microcracks inside GRAC, and destroy the dense structure, thereby reducing mechanical property of concrete. These voids and pores provided more erosion channels for sulfuric acid solution, which accelerated the corrosion rate. From the point of view of energy saving and concrete performance, no more than 60°C of curing temperature is recommended for industrial use.

Objective The pedicle screw insertion technique has evolved significantly, and despite the challenges of precise placement, advancements like AR‐based surgical navigation systems now offer enhanced accuracy and safety in spinal surgery by integrating real‐time, high‐resolution imaging with virtual models to aid surgeons. This study aims to evaluate the differences in accuracy between novel AR‐guided pedicle screw insertion and conventional surgery techniques. Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted from March 2019 to December 2023 to compare the efficacy of AR‐guided pedicle screw fixation with conventional freehand surgery using CT guidance. The study included 150 patients, aged 18–75, with 75 patients in each group. The total number of pedicle screws planned for the clinical trial placement was 351 and 348 in the experimental and control groups. The safety and efficacy of the procedures were evaluated by assessing screw placement accuracy and complication rates. Results In the full analysis set (FAS) analysis, the difference in the excellent and good rates of screw placement (experimental group − control group) and 95% confidence interval was 6.3% [3.0%–9.8%], with a p value of 0.0003 for the superiority test. In the FAS sensitivity analysis, the success rate was 98.0% (344 out of 351) in the experimental group and 91.7% (319 out of 348) in the control group, with a difference and 95% confidence interval of 6.3% [2.9% and 9.8%, respectively]. In the per‐protocol set (PPS) analysis, the difference in the excellent and good rates of screw placement between the experimental and control groups, and the 95% confidence interval was 6.4% [3.3%–9.5%], with a p value of 0.0001 for the superiority test. In the actual treatment set (ATS) analysis, the excellent and good rates of screw placement were 99.1% in the experimental group and 91.7% in the control group. The difference in the excellent and good rates of screw placement (experimental group − control group) and 95% confidence interval was 7.3% [4.1%–10.6%], with a p value of < 0.0001 for the superiority test. Conclusions The AR surgical navigation system can improve the accuracy of pedicle screw implantation and provide precise guidance for surgeons during pedicle screw insertion. We evaluate the difference between a novel AR‐guided pedicle screw insertion and conventional surgery. Results show that the AR surgical navigation system can enhance the accuracy of pedicle screw implantation and offer precise guidance to surgeons during the insertion process.

A continental-scale strike-slip shear zone frequently presents a long-lasting deformation and physical expression of strain localization in a middle to lower crustal level. However, the deformation evolution of strain localization at a small-scale remains unclear. This study investigated <10 cm wide shear zones developing in undeformed granodiorites exposed at the boundary of the continental-scale Gaoligong strike-slip shear zone. The small-scale ductile shear zones exhibit a typical transition from protomylonite, mylonite to extremely deformed ultramylonite, and decreasing mineral size from coarse-grained aggregates to extremely fine-grained mixed phases. Shearing sense indicators such as hornblende and feldspar porphyroclasts in the shear zone are the more significantly low-strain zone of mylonite. The microstructure and EBSD results revealed that the small-scale shear zone experienced ductile deformation under medium-high temperature conditions. Quartz aggregates suggested a consistent temperature with an irregular feature, exhibiting a dominated high-temperature prism < a > slip system. Additionally, coarse-grained aggregates in the mylonite of the shear zone were deformed predominantly by dislocation creep, while ultra-plastic flow by viscous grain boundary sliding was an essential deformation process in the extremely fine-grained (∼50 µ m) mixed-phases in the ultramylonite. Microstructural-derived strain rates calculated from quartz paleopiezometry were on the order of 10 −15 to 10 −13 s −1 from low-strain mylonite to high strained ultramylonite. The localization and strain rate-limited process was fluid-assisted precipitation presenting transitions of compositions as hydrous retrogression of hornblende to mica during increasing deformation and exhumation. Furthermore, the potential occurrence of the small-scale shear zone was initiated at a middle-deep crust seated crustal condition dominated by the temperature-controlled formation and rheological weakening.

Multiple recycling of waste concrete has attracted widespread attention. This study presented the carbonation behavior of repeatedly recycled aggregate concrete (RRAC) used in a micro-frozen region. The effects of freeze–thaw cycles on the carbonation depth of three generations of RRAC with 25%, 75%, and 100% of replacement rate were evaluated. All RRAC specimens after different numbers of freeze–thaw cycles were rapidly carbonated for 28 d indoors to test the carbonation resistance of concrete. The results suggested that the carbonation depth of RRAC subjected to freeze–thaw cycles is higher than that in the non-freeze–thaw condition. This is because the freeze–thaw damages cause the internal structure of RRAC to become porous and and prone to cracking, thus providing convenient channels for CO2 to react with the alkali in the cementitious materials. With the growth of replacement rate or recycling number, RRAC reveals serious freeze–thaw damage and inferior carbonation resistance, which is due to the continuous deterioration repeatedly recycled concrete aggregate (RRCA) quality. However, when the replacement rate was 25%, the carbonation depth for the third generation of RAC was comparable to the second generation of RAC at a 75% replacement rate, and even the first generation of 100% RAC. To ensure better carbonation resistance durability of multiple recycling RAC, the low replacement rate of RRCA should be considered. For the third generation of RAC with the 100% replacement rate, its highest carbonation depth after freeze–thaw cycles was 9.16 mm, which still met the design requirements for structural use in a micro-frozen region. This indicates that it is feasible for three generations of RRAC to be used in the micro-frozen environment and that RRAC has great engineering application potential and promotional value.