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We apply teleseismic P-wave tomography to reconstruct the velocity structure of the Longmenshan area. Our results show possible large-scale delamination beneath the Songpan-Ganzi and Qiangtang terranes, which induced upwelling asthenosphere. Upwelling asthenosphere might have led to lower crust heating, facilitating eastward extrusion of the Songpan Ganzi terrane resulting in localized deformation and uplift along the Longmenshan orogenic belt. We suggest that the eastward extrusion of the Songpan-Ganzi terrane against the rigid lithospheric root of the Sichuan Basin results in stress accumulation and release, leading to large earthquakes in the Longmenshan area.

The fate of the Indian plate during continental collision with Asian terranes, and the proportion of the Indian crust that is underthrust or subducted beneath Tibet as opposed to transferred to the upper (Himalayan) plate, are much debated. The active geometry of low-angle underthrusting or subduction of the Indian plate beneath the Lesser and Greater Himalayan thrust sheets is well known from seismic imaging. Previously, only lower-resolution images of the Main Himalayan Thrust have been obtained beneath the Yarlung Zangbo suture that separates Indian and Asian rocks at the surface. It remains controversial whether the orogenic wedge between the Main Himalayan Thrust and the Yarlung Zangbo suture, formed of Indian crust transferred to the upper plate, is evolving by thrust-faulting in a critical-taper wedge or by southward extrusion of a ductile channel flow. Here we present a seismic reflection profile across the western Himalaya at 81.5° E, and show that the Main Himalayan Thrust dips ∼20° to ∼60 km depth beneath the Yarlung Zangbo suture, approaching a continuous Moho reflection at ∼70–75 km depth. The Indian crust being transported northwards beyond the Yarlung Zangbo suture is no more than ∼15 km thick, reduced from its original ∼40 km thickness by transfer of material from the lower plate to the upper plate through crustal-scale duplexing. The fate of the Indian plate during collision with Asia is debated. Seismic images of the western Himalaya reveal large-scale thrust faults that transfer Indian crust upwards, into the overriding Asian plate.

The Yanshan movement/orogeny has been proposed for 90 years, which is of special significance in the history of geological research in China. This study conducted a review by synthesizing major achievements regarding episodic deformation features, sedimentary and magmatic records of the Yanshan orogeny in China, and clarified the episodic tectono-magmatism and its geodynamic origins. The tectonic implications of the Yanshan orogeny are discussed in the context of global plate tectonics and supercontinent reconstruction. Lines of evidence from structural, sedimentary and magmatic data suggest that the Yanshan orogeny represents a regional-scale tectonic event that affected the entire China continent in late Mesozoic period. Numerous age and structural constraints consistently indicate that the Yanshan orogeny was initiated in the Jurassic (at ∼170±5 Ma). and was characterized by alternating stages of crustal shortening at ∼170–136 Ma, crustal extension at ∼135–90 Ma, and weak shortening at ∼80 Ma. The 170–136 Ma crustal shortening was reflected in the generation of two regional stratigraphic unconformities (the Tiaojishan and Zhangjiakou unconformities), which were initially named the A and B episodes of “the Yanshan Orogeny” by Mr. Wong Wenhao in 1928. Geodynamically, the Yanshan orogeny in East Asia was associated with nearly coeval oceanic subduction and continental convergence in the Paleo-Pacific, Neo-Tethys, and Mongol-Okhotsk tectonic domains. As a consequence, three giant accretionary-collisional tectonic systems were formed along the continental margins of East Asia, i.e., the Mongol-Okhotsk, Bangonghu-Nujiang, and SE China subduction- and collision-related accretionary systems. The Yanshan orogeny induced widespread crustal-scale folding and thrusting, tectonic reactivation of long-lived zones of crustal weakness, and extensive magmatism and mineralization in intraplate regions. Based on the time principle of supercontinent assembly and break-up, we propose that the mid-Late Jurassic multi-plate convergence in East Asia might represent the initiation of the assembly of the Amasia supercontinent, and the Yanshan orogeny might be the first “stirrings” that is a prerequisite for the birth of the Amasia supercontinent.

South China, composed of the Yangtze and Cathaysia Blocks and the intervening Jiangnan orogenic belt, has been central to the debate on the tectonic evolution of East Asia. Here we investigate the crustal structure and composition of South China from seismic data employing the H-k stacking technique. Our results show that the composition and seismic structure of the crust in the Jiangnan orogenic belt are identical to those of the Cathaysia Block. Our data reveal a distinct contrast in the crustal structure and composition between the two flanks of the Jiujiang-Shitai buried fault. We propose that the Jiujiang-Shitai buried fault defines a geosuture between the Yangtze and Cathaysia Blocks and that the felsic lower crust of the Cathaysia Block and the Jiangnan orogenic belt may represent fragments derived from the Gondwana supercontinent.

Background: The association between dyslipidaemia and breast cancer remains controversial, especially regarding the dynamic changes in lipid levels. Objectives: This study aimed to elucidate the role of serum lipid levels and the changes in disease outcomes in patients with breast cancer. Methods: The lipid profiles of patients with breast cancer who underwent surgery between 2013 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. The lipid profiles comprised triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein. Serum lipid levels were categorized into three groups based on the tertiles. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare changes in serum lipid levels during follow-up. Hazard ratios (HRs) for survival outcomes were estimated using a multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results: A total of 3499 women diagnosed with nonmetastatic invasive breast cancer were included in this study, with a median follow-up of 60.4 months. We confirmed that each 1-tertile increased TG at baseline [HR = 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.39] and 1-year follow-up (HR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.07–1.98) led to worse relapse-free survival (RFS). A lower risk of disease relapse was observed with each 1-tertile upregulation in HDL at 1-year follow-up (HR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.56–0.92). Receiving systemic therapies tends to induce an elevation in plasma lipid levels 1 year after surgery, especially in terms of TG. Regarding the prognostic value of dynamic changes in lipid levels, patients with sustained high levels of TG had poorer RFS (HR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.16–3.11), whereas maintaining high levels of HDL led to better survival (HR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.37–0.97). Conclusion: High TG at baseline and during follow-up was associated with worse disease outcome in early breast cancer patients. Systemic treatment would lead to an elevation of serum lipid levels. Patients with sustained high HDL level at 1-year follow-up after surgery had a superior prognosis, warranting further clinical evaluation.

Breast cancer is among the most prevalent malignant tumors globally, with carboplatin serving as a standard treatment option. However, resistance often compromises its efficacy. DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways are crucial in determining responses to treatment and are also associated with immune infiltration. This study aimed to identify the DDR genes involved in carboplatin resistance and to elucidate their effects on prognosis, immune infiltration, and drug sensitivity in breast cancer patients. A 3D-culture model resistant to carboplatin was constructed and sequenced. Co-expressed DDR genes were analyzed to develop a predictive model. Immune infiltration analysis tools were employed to assess the immune microenvironment of patients with varying expression levels of these risk genes. Additionally, drug sensitivity predictions were made to evaluate the efficacy of other DNA damage-related drugs across different risk groups. Molecular assays were performed to investigate the role of the key gene TONSL in breast cancer. By integrating data from public database, we established a prognostic signature comprising thirteen DDR genes. Our analysis indicated that this model is associated with immune infiltration patterns in breast cancer patients, particularly concerning CD8+ T cells and NK cells. Additionally, it demonstrated a significant correlation with sensitivity to other DDR-related drugs, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for treatment efficacy. Compared to the control group, TONSL-knockdown cell lines exhibited a diminished response to DNA-damaging agents, marked by a notable increase in DNA damage levels and enhanced drug sensitivity. Furthermore, single-cell analysis revealed elevated TONSL expression in dendritic and epithelial cells, particularly in triple-negative breast cancers. Carboplatin resistance-related DDR genes are associated with prognosis, immune infiltration, and drug sensitivity in breast cancer patients. TONSL may serve as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer, particularly in triple-negative breast cancer, indicating new treatment strategies for these patients.

Fifteen sandstone samples taken from pre-Cretaceous strata of the Yangtze Block are analysed to constrain the evolution of the South China Block, especially the assembly between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. The results show that the maximum depositional age of the Neoproterozoic Lengjiaxi Group adjacent to the Cathaysia Block is c. 830 Ma, differing from that of the Kunyang and Dahongshan groups (> 960 Ma) on the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block. The detrital zircons from Palaeozoic samples from the Yangtze Block have similar age populations to those in the Cathaysia Block, and they may originate from the Cathaysia Block according to palaeogeographic, palaeocurrent and former research data. The detrital zircons of Middle-Upper Jurassic sandstones in the southwestern and central Yangtze Block yield dominant age populations at 2.0-1.7 Ga and subordinate groups of 2.6-2.4 Ga, 0.8-0.7 Ga and 0.6-0.4 Ga. The Upper Triassic strata may be derived from the southern Yangtze and North China blocks due to the collisions between the Indosina, South China and North China blocks, whereas the Jurassic sediments may be partly derived from uplift and erosion of the Jiangnan Orogen due to an intracontinental orogeny induced by Pacific subduction towards the Eurasia Plate. The detrital age spectra and provenance data for basement in the South China Block are analysed and compared with each other. The South China Block has affinity with Australia not only in the Columbia supercontinent but also in the Rodinia supercontinent. We infer the existence of an ancient orogen under the western Jiangnan Orogen, which may have occurred during the Columbia age, earlier than the Sibao orogeny. This is supported by seismic profile proof from the SinoProbe.

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a highly heterogeneous disease, especially in the clinical characteristics and prognosis. The PD is divided into two subgroups: tremor-dominant phenotype and non-tremor-dominant phenotype. Previous studies reported abnormal changes between the two PD phenotypes by using the static functional connectivity analysis. However, the dynamic properties of brain networks between the two PD phenotypes are not yet clear. Therefore, we aimed to uncover the dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) between the two PD phenotypes at the subnetwork level, focusing on the temporal properties of dFNC and the variability of network efficiency. Methods: We investigated the resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) data from 29 tremor-dominant PD patients (PDTD), 25 non-tremor-dominant PD patients (PDNTD), and 20 healthy controls (HCs). Sliding window approach, k -means clustering, independent component analysis (ICA), and graph theory analysis were applied to analyze the dFNC. Furthermore, the relationship between alterations in the dynamic properties and clinical features was assessed. Results: The dFNC analyses identified four reoccurring states, one of them showing sparse connections (state I). PDTD patients stayed longer time in state I and showed increased FNC between BG and vSMN in state IV. Both PD phenotypes exhibited higher FNC between dSMN and FPN in state II and state III compared with the controls. PDNTD patients showed decreased FNC between BG and FPN but increased FNC in the bilateral FPN compared with both PDTD patients and controls. In addition, PDNTD patients exhibited greater variability in global network efficiency. Tremor scores were positively correlated with dwell time in state I along with increased FNC between BG and vSMN in state IV. Conclusions: This study explores the dFNC between the PDTD and PDNTD patients, which offers new evidence on the abnormal time-varying brain functional connectivity and their network destruction of the two PD phenotypes, and may help better understand the neural substrates underlying different types of PD.

Non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) implemented during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have demonstrated significant positive effects on other communicable diseases. Nevertheless, the response for dengue fever has been mixed. To illustrate the real implications of NPIs on dengue transmission and to determine the effective measures for preventing and controlling dengue, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available global data to summarize the effects comprehensively. We searched Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science in line with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines from December 31, 2019, to March 30, 2022, for studies of NPI efficacy on dengue infection. We obtained the annual reported dengue cases from highly dengue-endemic countries in 2015–2021 from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control to determine the actual change in dengue cases in 2020 and 2021, respectively. A random-effects estimate of the pooled odds was generated with the Mantel-Haenszel method. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using the inconsistency index ( I 2 ) and subgroup analysis according to country (dengue-endemic or non-endemic) was conducted. This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021291487). A total of 17 articles covering 32 countries or regions were included in the review. Meta-analysis estimated a pooled relative risk of 0.39 (95% CI: 0.28–0.55), and subgroup revealed 0.06 (95% CI: 0.02-0.25) and 0.55 (95% CI: 0.44-0.68) in dengue non-endemic areas and dengue-endemic countries, respectively, in 2020. The majority of highly dengue-endemic countries in Asia and Americas reported 0–100% reductions in dengue cases in 2020 compared to previous years, while some countries (4/20) reported a dramatic increase, resulting in an overall increase of 11%. In contrast, there was an obvious reduction in dengue cases in 2021 in almost all countries (18/20) studied, with an overall 40% reduction rate. The overall effectiveness of NPIs on dengue varied with region and time due to multiple factors, but most countries reported significant reductions. Travel-related interventions demonstrated great effectiveness for reducing imported cases of dengue fever. Internal movement restrictions of constantly varying intensity and range are more likely to mitigate the entire level of dengue transmission by reducing the spread of dengue fever between regions within a country, which is useful for developing a more comprehensive and sustainable strategy for preventing and controlling dengue fever in the future.

Background Previous studies have examined the associations of baseline smartphone dependence (SPD) with depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms, ignoring changes in SPD over time. Especially, it is unclear whether individuals quitting SPD remain at high risk for depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal associations of changes in SPD with depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms among adolescents. Methods From September to December 2021 (wave 1), we recruited adolescents in grades 4 and 7 in five public primary schools and nine public junior high schools in Shenzhen, China, and collected information on SPD using the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version. The cut-off values of ≥ 31 and ≥ 33 were used in boys and girls, respectively, to identify adolescents with SPD. From September to December 2022 (wave 2), in addition to SPD, we collected the information on depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms using the 9-item version of Patient Health Questionnaire and the 7-item version of General Anxiety Disorder Scale, respectively. The cut-off values for clinically significant symptoms were both ≥ 10. Four patterns of changes in SPD during waves 1–2 were defined: none, quitting, new-onset, and persistent. From September to December 2023 (wave 3), we assessed depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms again. Results Of the 3088 adolescents included, the mean age was 12.5 (standard deviation [SD], 1.4) years and 54.3% were boys. Compared with adolescents without SPD, those with new-onset SPD (odds ratio [OR], 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 to 2.31) or persistent SPD (OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.56 to 3.61) showed a higher risk of depressive symptoms, but those quitting SPD did not (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.83 to 2.12). We have observed a similar association between changes in SPD and anxiety symptoms. Several sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results. Conclusions Our findings suggest that adolescents with SPD might be a high-risk group for depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms, and quitting SPD might help prevent them from developing depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms.