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\"With more than four million cases in Germany every year, influenza and acute upper respiratory tract infectious diseases (henceforth URTI) exhibit the highest number of reported doctor consultations. Although the direct treatment costs for URTI are comparably low, the indirect economic costs, due to work absences and productivity impairments of sick workers who remain at work (presentism), are far more compelling. In this paper, we estimate the effect of local URTI incidences as an exogenous shock to the production factor labor and thus on firm productivity. To quantify the URTI related shock on the production factor labor, we scrape a large number of weekly maps depicting the (local) URTI index across Germany, which are provided in the official influenza surveillance system. Measured by the length of the influenza season in German municipalities from 2003 to 2009, these data exhibit substantial seasonal as well as regional variation. In our main analysis, we estimate firm level production functions using data from the IAB Establishment Panel, a comprehensive German firm survey. In our main regression, we analyze total factor productivity differentials and their relationship with the local influenza intensity. We find sizeable negative effects of the URTI diseases on firm productivity. We attribute this effect to a combination of direct productivity losses caused by absences of sickworkers as well as indirect productivity impairments due to presenteeism.\" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

This study analyzes the effects of a missing high school graduation cohort on firms' training provision and trainees' wages. An exogenous school reform varying at the state and year level caused the missing cohort to occur. Using administrative social security data on all trainees and training firms, we show that firms provide less training by reducing their overall number of hired apprentices. We also show that the pool of firms that offer training in the year of the missing cohort shifts towards a higher share of low wage firms. After keeping firm characteristics constant, the findings indicate that the missing cohort increases training wages measured at the start of training. Further analyses shed light on the opposite case of dual cohorts, which we find to increase training provision and to decrease training wages. The evidence also shows that high and low wage firms differ in how they adjust training provision in response to a dual cohort.

This study analyzes the effects of a missing high school graduation cohort on firms' training provision and trainees' wages. An exogenous school reform varying at the state and year level caused the missing cohort to occur. Using administrative social security data on all trainees and training firms, we show that firms provide less training by reducing their overall number of hired apprentices. We also show that the pool of firms that offer training in the year of the missing cohort shifts towards a higher share of low wage firms. After keeping firm characteristics constant, the findings indicate that the missing cohort increases training wages measured at the start of training. Further analyses shed light on the opposite case of dual cohorts, which we find to increase training provision and to decrease training wages. The evidence also shows that high and low wage firms differ in how they adjust training provision in response to a dual cohort.

\"This study analyzes the effects of a missing high school graduation cohort on firms’ training provision and trainees’ wages. An exogenous school reform varying at the state and year level caused the missing cohort to occur. Using administrative social security data on all trainees and training firms, we show that firms provide less training by reducing their overall number of hired apprentices. We also show that the pool of firms that offer training in the year of the missing cohort shifts towards a higher share of low wage firms. After keeping firm characteristics constant, the findings indicate that the missing cohort increases training wages measured at the start of training. Further analyses shed light on the opposite case of dual cohorts, which we find to increase training provision and to decrease training wages. The evidence also shows that high and low wage firms differ in how they adjust training provision in response to a dual cohort.\" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

We examine how collaborator loss affects knowledge workers in corporate R&D. We argue that such a loss affects the remaining collaborators not only by reducing their team-specific capital (as argued in the prior literature) but also by increasing their bargaining power over the employer, who is in need of filling the gap left by the lost collaborator to ensure the continuation of R&D projects. This shift in bargaining power may, in turn, lead to benefits, such as additional resources or more attractive working conditions. These benefits can partially compensate for the negative effect of reduced team-specific capital on productivity and influence the career trajectories of the remaining collaborators. We empirically investigate the consequences of collaborator loss by exploiting 845 unexpected deaths of active inventors. We find that inventor death has a moderate negative effect on the productivity of the remaining collaborators. This negative effect disappears when we focus on the remaining collaborators who work for the same employer as the deceased inventor. Moreover, this group is more likely to be promoted and less likely to leave their current employer.

\"Due to their origin from universities, academic spin-offs operate at the forefront of the technological development. Therefore, spin-offs exhibit a skill-biased labour demand, i.e. spin-offs have a high demand for employees with cutting edge knowledge and technical skills that distinguish them even from other high-tech start-up firms. In order to accommodate this demand, spin-offs may have to pay a relative wage premium compared to other high-tech start-ups. However, neither a comprehensive theoretical assessment nor the empirical literature on wages in start-ups unambiguously predicts the existence and the direction of wage differentials between spin-offs and non-spin-offs. This paper addresses this research gap and examines empirically whether or not spin-offs pay their employees a wage premium. Using a unique linked employer-employee data set of German high-tech start-ups, we estimate Mincer-type wage regressions applying the Hausman-Taylor panel estimator. Our results show that spin-offs do not pay a wage premium in general. However, a notable exception from this general result is that spin-offs that commercialise new scientific results or methods provide higher wages to employees with linkages to the university sector - either as university graduates or as student workers.\" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Due to their origin from universities, academic spin-offs operate at the forefront of the technological development. Therefore, spin-offs exhibit a skill-biased labour demand, i.e. spin-offs have a high demand for employees with cutting edge knowledge and technical skills. In order to accommodate this demand, spin-offs may have to pay a relative wage premium compared to other high-tech start-ups. However, neither a comprehensive theoretical assessment nor the empirical literature on wages in start-ups unambiguously predicts the existence and the direction of wage differentials between spin-offs and non-spin-offs. This paper addresses this research gap and examines empirically whether or not spin-offs pay their employees a wage premium. Using a unique linked employer-employee data set of German high-tech start-ups, we estimate Mincer-type wage regressions applying the Hausman-Taylor panel estimator. Our results show that spin-offs do not pay a wage premium in general. However, a notable exception from this general result is that spin-offs that commercialise new scientific results or methods provide higher wages to employees with linkages to the university sector - either as university graduates or as student workers.

Studie im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales, Bonn 2020 (260 Seiten)

\"Since 2006, the IAB develops classifications of job centres, which are regulated according to the Social Code Book (SGB) II. These classifications account for the fact that there are substantial disparities in the economic or social structure of German regions. These disparities affect the work of local job centres and must be observed if performance figures are compared across regions. This is accomplished by grouping job centres with similar regional conditions into distinct types. The classifications are updated after several years to account for changing conditions. The present revision goes far beyond a simple update. In principle, it pursues two objectives: for the first time, all three target dimensions of the SGB II are explicitly incorporated into the classification process with equal weights. Additionally, the new types put a stronger focus on factors specific for the job centres regulated by the SGB II. This report documents the revision in detail and presents its results.\" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) Additional Information Karte der Vergleichstypen im SGB II Verbale Beschreibung der Vergleichstypen im SGB II Verteilung der Rahmenbedingungen über die Vergleichstypen im SGB II Ziel- und Typisierungsvariablen der Vergleichstypen im SGB II Fünf nächste Nachbarn der Jobcenter im SGB II