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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has transformed our understanding of the human brain through well-replicated mapping of abilities to specific structures (for example, lesion studies) and functions 1 – 3 (for example, task functional MRI (fMRI)). Mental health research and care have yet to realize similar advances from MRI. A primary challenge has been replicating associations between inter-individual differences in brain structure or function and complex cognitive or mental health phenotypes (brain-wide association studies (BWAS)). Such BWAS have typically relied on sample sizes appropriate for classical brain mapping 4 (the median neuroimaging study sample size is about 25), but potentially too small for capturing reproducible brain–behavioural phenotype associations 5 , 6 . Here we used three of the largest neuroimaging datasets currently available—with a total sample size of around 50,000 individuals—to quantify BWAS effect sizes and reproducibility as a function of sample size. BWAS associations were smaller than previously thought, resulting in statistically underpowered studies, inflated effect sizes and replication failures at typical sample sizes. As sample sizes grew into the thousands, replication rates began to improve and effect size inflation decreased. More robust BWAS effects were detected for functional MRI (versus structural), cognitive tests (versus mental health questionnaires) and multivariate methods (versus univariate). Smaller than expected brain–phenotype associations and variability across population subsamples can explain widespread BWAS replication failures. In contrast to non-BWAS approaches with larger effects (for example, lesions, interventions and within-person), BWAS reproducibility requires samples with thousands of individuals. Combined data from three large studies, with a total sample size of around 50,000 individuals, indicate that many previous studies linking the brain to complex phenotypes have been statistically underpowered, producing inflated and irreproducible effects.

In-scanner head motion introduces systematic bias to resting-state fMRI functional connectivity (FC) not completely removed by denoising algorithms. Researchers studying traits associated with motion (e.g. psychiatric disorders) need to know if their trait-FC relationships are impacted by residual motion to avoid reporting false positive results. We devised Split Half Analysis of Motion Associated Networks (SHAMAN) to assign a motion impact score to specific trait-FC relationships. SHAMAN distinguishes between motion causing overestimation or underestimation of trait-FC effects. We assessed 45 traits from n  = 7270 participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. After standard denoising with ABCD-BIDS and without motion censoring, 42% (19/45) of traits had significant ( p  < 0.05) motion overestimation scores and 38% (17/45) had significant underestimation scores. Censoring at framewise displacement (FD) < 0.2 mm reduced significant overestimation to 2% (1/45) of traits but did not decrease the number of traits with significant motion underestimation scores. Head motion is an artifact in structural and functional MRI signals, and some traits or groups are more strongly correlated with motion than others. Here the authors describe a method to attribute a motion impact score to specific trait-functional connectivity relationships.

We have compared the biomechanical properties of human and porcine corneas using vibrational optical coherence tomography (VOCT). The elastic modulus of the cornea has been previously reported in the literature to vary from about several kPa to more than several GPa based on the results of different techniques. In addition, the formation of corneal cones near the central cornea in keratoconus has been observed in the clinic. Measurements of the resonant frequency and morphology of human and porcine corneas were used to evaluate the role of the limbus in corneal stabilization, the effect of Bowman’s layer, and the effect of collagen content on the low-strain corneal biomechanics. The results of these studies indicate that limbus stability plays an important anatomic role in preventing folding, corneal slippage, and cone formation. Machine learning studies of both human and porcine corneas indicate that Bowman’s membrane, like that of the collagen fibrils found in the anterior corneal stroma, contributes to the 110–120 Hz resonant frequency peak. Finite element and SOLIDWORKS models of normal and keratoconus corneas suggest that the deformation of the cornea is the highest at the central zone and is higher in keratoconus corneas compared to normal controls. VOCT results suggest that although collagen fibril slippage occurs first at the limbus, cone formation in keratoconus occurs centrally/paracentrally, where stress concentration and deformation due to intraocular forces are the highest. Cone formation occurs at the points of maximum curvature. Results of these studies indicate the elastic modulus of cornea fibrillar collagen dictates the corneal elastic modulus at low strains. These results suggest that tension in the cornea at the limbus results in deformation into the low modulus region of the J-shaped stress–strain curve, resulting in an in vivo strain of less than about 10%. We propose that tension in the cornea provides a baseline force that regulates corneal epithelial regeneration as well as corneal lamellae composition and matrix turnover.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of the Don't Pack a Pest (DPAP) program on University of Florida (UF) College of Agricultural and Life Sciences (CALS) faculty members who have led or expressed interest in leading study abroad programs (SAPs). The research was conducted to assist the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry (FDACS DPI) in identifying how to effectively disseminate and promote the mission of the DPAP program in a collegiate setting. Results indicated 27.8% of respondents were familiar with the DPAP program prior to the survey. Results also indicated that UF CALS faculty were willing to disseminate information about the DPAP program to students they interact with who are planning to travel abroad and were willing to have a speaker visit their class to present information on the DPAP program.

Although the general location of functional neural networks is similar across individuals, there is vast person-to-person topographic variability. To capture this, we implemented precision brain mapping functional magnetic resonance imaging methods to establish an open-source, method-flexible set of precision functional network atlases—the Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain (MIDB) Precision Brain Atlas. This atlas is an evolving resource comprising 53,273 individual-specific network maps, from more than 9,900 individuals, across ages and cohorts, including the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, the Developmental Human Connectome Project and others. We also generated probabilistic network maps across multiple ages and integration zones (using a new overlapping mapping technique, Overlapping MultiNetwork Imaging). Using regions of high network invariance improved the reproducibility of executive function statistical maps in brain-wide associations compared to group average-based parcellations. Finally, we provide a potential use case for probabilistic maps for targeted neuromodulation. The atlas is expandable to alternative datasets with an online interface encouraging the scientific community to explore and contribute to understanding the human brain function more precisely. The Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain (MIDB) Precision Brain Atlas is a resource of personalized brain network topographies ( n  = 9,900). It also provides a probabilistic atlas and integration zones across diverse magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) datasets and ages. The atlas increases the reliability of brain-wide association studies (BWAS) and improves targeting for neuromodulation.

Purpose Diagnostic accuracy of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is crucial to track and characterize ASD, as well as to guide appropriate interventions at the individual level. However, under-diagnosis, over-diagnosis, and misdiagnosis of ASD are still prevalent. Methods We describe 232 children ( M Age = 10.71 years; 19% female) with community-based diagnoses of ASD referred for research participation. Extensive assessment procedures were employed to confirm ASD diagnosis before study inclusion. The sample was subsequently divided into two groups with either confirmed ASD diagnoses (ASD+) or unconfirmed/inaccurate diagnoses (ASD-). Clinical characteristics differentiating the groups were further analyzed. Results 47% of children with community-based ASD diagnoses did not meet ASD criteria by expert consensus. ASD + and ASD- groups did not differ in age, gender, ethnicity, or racial make-up. The ASD + group was more likely to have a history of early language delays compared to the ASD- group; however, no group differences in current functional language use were reported by caregivers. The ASD + group scored significantly higher on ADI-R scores and on the ADOS-2 algorithm composite scores and calibrated severity scores (CSSs). The ASD- group attained higher estimated IQ scores and higher rates of psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorder, disruptive behavior, and mood disorder diagnoses. Broadly, caregiver questionnaires (SRS-2, CCC-2) did not differentiate groups. Conclusion Increased reported psychiatric disorders in the ASD- group suggests psychiatric complexity may contribute to community misdiagnosis and possible overdiagnosis of ASD. Clinician-mediated tools (ADI-R, ADOS-2) differentiated ASD + versus ASD- groups, whereas caregiver-reported questionnaires did not.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of the Don't Pack a Pest (DPAP) program on University of Florida (UF) College of Agricultural and Life Sciences (CALS) faculty members who have led or expressed interest in leading study abroad programs (SAPs). The research was conducted to assist the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry (FDACS DPI) in identifying how to effectively disseminate and promote the mission of the DPAP program in a collegiate setting. Results indicated 27.8% of respondents were familiar with the DPAP program prior to the survey. Results also indicated that UF CALS faculty were willing to disseminate information about the DPAP program to students they interact with who are planning to travel abroad and were willing to have a speaker visit their class to present information on the DPAP program.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of the Don't Pack a Pest (DPAP) program on University of Florida (UF) College of Agricultural and Life Sciences (CALS) faculty members who have led or expressed interest in leading study abroad programs (SAPs). The research was conducted to assist the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry (FDACS DPI) in identifying how to effectively disseminate and promote the mission of the DPAP program in a collegiate setting. Results indicated 27.8% of respondents were familiar with the DPAP program prior to the survey. Results also indicated that UF CALS faculty were willing to disseminate information about the DPAP program to students they interact with who are planning to travel abroad and were willing to have a speaker visit their class to present information on the DPAP program.

Recent research that strives to replace conventional hard chromium with a more environmentally benign substitute has been largely based on the electrodeposition of tin-cobalt alloys from gluconate baths. These non-toxic, inexpensive plating systems have offered an alternative for most decorative applications, whilst affording environmental and economic benefits. Such coatings however do not provide comparable hardness and wear resistance for engineering applications. The development of low cost, environmentally benign processes to electrodeposit alloys based on tin, cobalt and iron has been investigated, to incorporate the hardness of iron into the system. Novel aspects of the research include the electrodeposition of iron-cobalt from the gluconate system. Fine-grained deposits with a bright metallic sheen of consistent composition have been obtained over a wide range of temperature, pH and current density. Novel electrolytic alloying systems based on environmentally acceptable electrolytes have been established for tin-iron and tin-cobalt-iron alloy coatings. A range of alloy compositions can be achieved. Conditions that produce a consistent composition over a range of operating conditions have been established. Deposits obtained from the tin-iron electrolyte system are characterised by a dense columnar microstructure with a channel-like porosity. Tin-cobalt-iron deposits are characterised by a columnar structure and surface morphology examination by SEM reveal a microcracked network. Microstructural examination by Mössbauer Spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction reveal that the tin-iron and tin-cobalt-iron deposits contain new metastable ferromagnetic amorphous phases. Tin-cobalt-iron electrodeposits obtained at low temperature, low current density and from an acidic gluconate bath have a lustre similar to decorative chromium. Preliminary electrochemical corrosion studies were performed and showed the novel electrolytic tin-iron alloy and novel tin-cobalt-iron ternary alloy to exhibit good corrosion resistance when compared to existing protective coatings.