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California yellowtail (CYT), Seriola dorsalis, is a promising candidate for aquaculture due to its rapid growth and high-quality flesh, particularly in markets like Japan, Australia, China, and the United States. Soy protein has shown success as a replacement for marine protein sources in CYT diets, reducing fishmeal levels, though concerns about potential intestinal inflammation persist with the inclusion of solvent-extracted soybean meal. To address this, processing strategies like fractionation, enzymatic treatment, heat treatment, and microbial fermentation have been employed to mitigate the negative impacts of soybean meal on fish nutrition and immune systems. This study focuses on optimizing soybean meal inclusion levels by incorporating advanced soy variants into CYT diets. The eight-week feeding trial, conducted in a recirculation system, featured six diets with sequential inclusion levels (0, 50, 100%) of high protein low oligosaccharide soybean meal (Bright Day, Benson Hill, St Louis, MO) and enzyme-treated soybean meal (HP 300, Hamlet Protein Inc., Findlay, OH), replacing solvent-extracted soybean. The study compares these formulations against a soy-free animal protein-based diet. At the end of the trial, fish were sampled for growth performance, body proximate composition, intestinal morphology, and immune response from gut samples. Results showed consistent FCR ( P = 0.775), weight gain ( P = 0.242), and high survival rate (99.4 ± 0.5%) among dietary treatments ( P >0.05). Histological evaluations revealed no gut inflammation and gene expression analysis demonstrated no significant variations in immune, physiological, and digestive markers apn ( P = 0.687), mga ( P = 0.397), gpx1 (P = 0.279), atpase (P = 0.590), il1β ( P = 0.659). The study concludes that incorporating advanced soybean meal products, replacing up to 20% of fishmeal does not negatively affect CYT’s growth and intestinal health. This suggests that all three soy sources, contributing 35% of total protein (15.4 g 100 g -1 diet), can be included in practical diets without compromising CYT’s intestinal integrity or growth. These findings have positive implications for the commercial production of CYT and future research on the incorporation of plant-based proteins in aquaculture diets.

Harvesting sea urchins from barrens and enhancing their gonads through aquaculture offers a promising way to convert low-value individuals into high-quality seafood. This study evaluated whether red sea urchins (Mesocentrotus franciscanus, RSUs) fed nutrient-enriched seaweeds produced in a land-based integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system could significantly improve gonad size and quality. Two seaweed species, Ulva australis and Devaleraea mollis, were grown in effluent from white seabass (Atractoscion nobilis) tanks and used to feed RSUs over an 8-week period. RSUs readily consumed both seaweeds, with measurable ingestion, fecal output, and absorption efficiency. We hypothesized that RSUs fed IMTA seaweed would exhibit increased gonadosomatic index and improved gonad quality. GSI significantly increased in both groups, from an initial 3.00 ± 0.50% (9.02 ± 1.80 g) to 4.64 ± 0.66% (23.04 ± 10.20 g) in the U. australis group and to 6.35 ± 1.30% (31.20 ± 7.20 g) in the D. mollis group. Gonad quality improved from “D” (unmarketable) to average “B” (high-quality) grade, based on color, firmness, and texture. These results demonstrate that RSUs collected from barrens can be enhanced into premium seafood using nutrient-enriched seaweeds. Integrating RSUs into land-based IMTA systems may increase aquaculture efficiency, reduce waste, and diversify seafood production in a sustainable and economically viable way.

To advance environmentally friendly technologies in the aquaculture of Atractoscion nobilis, and simultaneously to diversify seafood production, a 79-day trial was conducted to assess the performance of Ulva lactuca and Devaleraea mollis cultured in the effluent from A. nobilis in a land-based integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system in southern California, USA. Water quality and performance of macroalgae were measured weekly. The impacted factors on the growth of macroalgae and nutrient uptake rate of macroalgae were assessed. The specific growth rate of juvenile A. nobilis was 0.47–0.52%/d. Total ammonia nitrogen in effluents of A. nobilis tanks ranged from 0.03 to 0.19 mg/L. Ulva lactuca and D. mollis achieved an average productivity of 24.53 and 14.40 g dry weight (DW)/m2/d. The average nitrogen content was 3.48 and 4.89% DW, and accordingly, the average nitrogen uptake rate was 0.88 and 0.71 g/m2/d, respectively. Temperature and nutrient concentration were key factors impacting macroalgae growth, and light intensity also impacted the growth of D. mollis. The high protein content of U. lactuca and D. mollis would make them good for use as human or animal food, or for use in other industries. Research on the interaction effects between seawater exchange rates and aeration rates on the performance and nutrient uptake rates of macroalgae will be conducted in future studies.

The evolutionary effects captive‐bred individuals that can have on wild conspecifics are necessary considerations for stock enhancement programs, but breeding protocols are often developed without the knowledge of realized reproductive behavior. To help fill that gap, parentage was assigned to offspring produced by a freely mating group of 50 white seabass (Atractoscion nobilis), a representative broadcast spawning marine finfish cultured for conservation. Similar to the well‐known and closely related red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), A. nobilis exhibited large variation in reproductive success. More males contributed and contributed more equally than females within and among spawns in a mating system best described as lottery polygyny. Two females produced 27% of the seasonal offspring pool and female breeding effective size averaged 1.85 per spawn and 12.38 seasonally, whereas male breeding effective size was higher (6.42 and 20.87, respectively), with every male contributing 1–7% of offspring. Further, females batch spawned every 1–5 weeks, while males displayed continuous reproductive readiness. Sex‐specific mating strategies resulted in multiple successful mate pairings and a breeding effective to census size ratio of ≥0.62. Understanding a depleted species’ mating system allowed management to more effectively utilize parental genetic variability for culture, but the fitness consequences of long‐term stocking can be difficult to address.

Recaptures of white seabass Atractoscion nobilis from a marine stock enhancement program were analyzed to understand long-term movement patterns within the Southern California Bight, USA. Between 1999 and 2020, white seabass at liberty for 1–20 years were recaptured as legal-sized (≥ 711 mm TL) adults recruited to California commercial and recreational fisheries. Movement metrics were quantified for 190 recaptures that had been released as juveniles (91–466 mm TL) from a large offshore island, Santa Catalina Island, or from coastal areas. Santa Catalina Island-released white seabass tended to be recaptured in the vicinity of the island up to 7 years post-release (minimum displacement distance = 18.0 ± 4.9 km (mean ± SE)). In contrast, white seabass released from coastal areas were at liberty for up to 20 years and moved significantly farther (145.0 ± 9.2 km and 82.9 ± 5.5 km for southern and northern coastal release areas, respectively), to areas of habitat continuous to (i.e., elsewhere along the coast) and disconnected from (i.e., islands and other offshore areas) the point of release. Minimum displacement distance distributions for 2-year time at liberty intervals (and fitted Weibull curves) further demonstrated the heterogeneous movement patterns associated with Santa Catalina Island and coastal release areas. White seabass released from coastal areas were predominantly recaptured in a west to north west direction from the point of release. Divergent movement metrics were not detected between male and female white seabass. This study provides much needed information on the long-term movement and dispersal of hatchery-reared white seabass, which will help guide stock enhancement management strategies of this highly mobile marine fish species.

The white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis, is a member of the family Sciaenidae, which includes croakers and drums. Atractoscion nobilis have numerous aquaculture characteristics desirable for commercialization, including excellent market appeal. Consumer and market surveys of farmed A. nobilis have consistently yielded reviews of ‘good to excellent’ when rated for taste, texture, appearance, and freshness. Wild adult A. nobilis adapt readily to captivity, are highly fecund batch spawners (100,000 eggs/kg of female), will spawn out of season, and produce eggs with high viability (median 73%) and with good hatching rates (median 88%). Atractoscion nobilis larvae are first‐feed Artemia in clear water and weaning is complete by 30 days post hatch (dph). Survival of A. nobilis from unhatched egg to 50 dph is consistently 20–40%. A market size of 1.0 kg has been achieved in 18 months. Infectious diseases are uncommon and are effectively mitigated using recirculating systems with appropriate biosecurity. Atractoscion nobilis are highly susceptible to gas bubble disease, which is mitigated by vacuum degassing, culture in cooler temperatures, or using deep culture units like net pens. Commercial culture of A. nobilis will benefit from selective breeding programs, custom diet formulations, and more health management tools.

California halibut (CH; Paralichthys californicus) is a highly valued species that supports a commercial and recreational fishery along the Pacific coast of the United States. This species is considered a promising aquaculture candidate in California, with interest for both food production and stock replenishment. Culture of CH has been done on a small scale, showing that it is technologically feasible to rear this species commercially. Broodstock maturation and egg production can be accomplished without hormone therapy. Survival from egg to juvenile (~50 dph) can be as high as 30%. Juvenile growout to market size has been done on a limited basis, and it takes 3 years to reach a market size of 1 kg. There is a live market for CH in California and it is currently being supplemented by the importation of Paralichthys olivaceus. The known disease agents affecting CH are ectoparasites (i.e., Trichodina sp), endoparasites (i.e., Anisakis sp.), and bacterial agents (i.e., Pseudomonas sp.). While culture of this species is technologically feasible, research still needs to be done in certain areas in order to realize commercial readiness. These areas include: nutrition, selective breeding, development of all female populations; improved pigmentation; and developing methods for disease prevention and control. Biostratigraphy of Upper Palaeocene‐Lower Eocene Patala Formation were carried out to precisely locate P/E boundary within Upper Indus Basin Pakistan, Eastern Tethys. This study enabled us to identify smaller benthic foraminifera zones with BB1 and BB2, Planktonic foraminifera zones with P4, P5, E1 and E2, and Calcareous nanno‐plankton zones with NP9a and NP9b. The criteria used to recognize P/E boundary globally were applied to integrate these biozones, which made us to correlate locally and globally.

California yellowtail (CYT; Seriola dorsalis) is a promising candidate for marine aquaculture in the United States because there is an existing market and cultured Seriola spp. command prices as high as $27.70 per kg for head‐on gutted product. Methods for commercial‐scale Seriola spp. fingerling production and growout have been refined globally in recent years. Spawning can be accomplished without hormone therapy and adults spawn viable eggs when ambient water temperatures are between 15 and 22°C. Larval culture of CYT includes rotifers and Artemia, with the addition of greenwater. Larval survival to 1 g juveniles (45 days post hatch) is typically high at 30–60%. However, poor swim bladder inflation and skeletal malformations require culling and can reduce this yield substantially. Growout of CYT to market size at Hubbs‐SeaWorld Research Institute (HSWRI) has been completed on a very limited basis in flow through tanks where it takes 18–24 months to achieve a market weight of 3.5–4.0 kg. While culture of this species is commercially ready from a technical and business perspective, research is still needed to improve swim bladder inflation, reduce deformities, optimize nutrition across all life stages, and assist with disease diagnosis and control. Most notable among bottlenecks to commercialization in the United States is the need for growout capacity both for net pen and land‐based culture.