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The present study aimed to identify patterns of dietary changes during the COVID-19 pandemic and their associations with sociodemographics, body mass index (BMI) before pandemic, and lifestyle changes in Polish adults and to examine the effects of lockdowns on dietary-lifestyle changes. This study used a cross-sectional online survey to collect data. The -means algorithm was used to determine of patterns of dietary changes, and logistic regression analyses were performed. During the study period, 43% of respondents decreased physical activity (PA), 49%-increased screen time, and 34%-increased food consumption. Among the three dietary changes patterns, two opposite patterns were found: Prohealthy (28% participants) and Unhealthy (19% participants).The adherence to the Prohealthy pattern was negatively associated with age, but positively with being overweight (aOR 1.31) or obese before pandemic (aOR 1.64). Residing in a macroeconomic region with GDP > 100% decreased adherence to the Prohealthy (aOR 0.73) but increased adherence to the Unhealthy pattern (aOR 1.47). Adults over 40 years old, those living with children, unemployed, those living in a region with a higher GDP, and those not consuming homemade meals could be more exposed to unhealthy behaviors. From a public health perspective, enhancing the message \"to be active\" during the compulsory isolation period should be prioritized.

It is important to understand which factors are central to the development of metabolic syndrome as the burden of the condition increases (MetS). The aim of this study was to search for associations between the frequency of non-alcoholic beverage consumption (FFQ), blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters related to health and hydration status, and the number of MetS components in 290 adults diagnosed with metabolic disorders. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements: body weight (BW), height (H), waist circumference (WC), handgrip strength (HGS), and total body water (TBW) were measured. Blood and urine samples were collected. We observed the highest frequency of consumption of tea drinks in women with four MetS components and fruit and vegetable juices in men with five MetS components. The highest systolic blood pressure (SBP) and BMI were found with five MetS components and the lowest TBW with three MetS components in both sexes. The lowest uric acid and urea were observed in women with three MetS components, while the lowest pH with five MetS components and the highest urine-specific gravity (USG) with four MetS components were observed in men. These findings highlight the need to focus on elucidating the relationship between diet, including beverage consumption, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters, and health and hydration status in adults with metabolic disorders in further research.

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a pathology of the small intestine and may predispose individuals to various nutritional deficiencies. Little is known about whether specific subtypes of SIBO, such as the hydrogen-dominant (H+), methane-dominant (M+), or hydrogen/methane–dominant (H+/M+), impact nutritional status and dietary intake in SIBO patients. The aim of this study was to investigate possible correlations between biochemical parameters, dietary nutrient intake, and distinct SIBO subtypes. This observational study included 67 patients who were newly diagnosed with SIBO. Biochemical parameters and diet were studied utilizing laboratory tests and food records, respectively. The H+/M+ group was associated with low serum vitamin D (p < 0.001), low serum ferritin (p = 0.001) and low fiber intake (p = 0.001). The M+ group was correlated with high serum folic acid (p = 0.002) and low intakes of fiber (p = 0.001) and lactose (p = 0.002). The H+ group was associated with low lactose intake (p = 0.027). These results suggest that the subtype of SIBO may have varying effects on dietary intake, leading to a range of biochemical deficiencies. Conversely, specific dietary patterns may predispose one to the development of a SIBO subtype. The assessment of nutritional status and diet, along with the diagnosis of SIBO subtypes, are believed to be key components of SIBO therapy.

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is highly prevalent in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The eradication of bacterial overgrowth with antibiotics is the first-line treatment. However, focusing only on the antimicrobial effects without taking care to improve lifestyle factors, especially dietary patterns, may predispose patients to intestinal microbiota dysfunction. The objective of this study is to determine whether the current recommendations regarding nutrition in IBS are suitable for patients with SIBO. A narrative literature review was carried out using databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. Recent studies indicate that dietary manipulation may have a role in alleviating SIBO gastrointestinal symptoms. A low FODMAP diet proposed for IBS may promote a negative shift in the gut microbiota and deepen the existing state of dysbiosis in SIBO patients. Supplementation with soluble fiber can lessen the symptoms in IBS and SIBO. Targeted probiotic therapy may also increase the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment and regulate bowel movements. Therefore, optimal dietary patterns play a key role in the treatment of SIBO. Based on currently available literature, the potential efficacy of the IBS diet in SIBO is largely hypothetical. Future research is needed to characterize a specific diet for the treatment of SIBO.

Food neophobia (FN) is associated with reduced quality of diet in adults; thus, the understanding of the relationship between FN and food consumption in more depth appears to be a key issue. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between food neophobia, dietary patterns, food choice motives, and food label reading in the group of adults. Data were collected using the computer-assisted personal interviewing technique (CAPI). A cross-sectional quantitative survey was carried out in November–December 2017 in a sample of 1017 Polish adults. The questionnaire used in the study included the Food Neophobia Scale (FNS), the Beliefs and Eating Habits Questionnaire (KomPAN), and questions regarding food choice motives, reading food labels, and sociodemographic characteristics. The food neophobics were older, had a lower level of education, and had higher BMI compared to others. Compared to others, among the food neophobics, there were more people who often consumed vegetables, fruit, meat, and meat products and who rarely consumed functional and convenience food, sweets, and sweetened beverages. When choosing food, more food neophobics chose healthy and tasteless food products, while more food neophilics chose unhealthy and tasty products. More food neophobics declared not reading price and shelf-life information on food labels compared to the other two groups. Although food neophobia may make adaptation to dietary recommendations difficult, health-promoting features of the diet were observed within the food neophobics. Actions focusing on food choice motives may help even more to limit the effects of food neophobia in adults. Further research is recommended to confirm the observed relationships under different sociocultural conditions.

There is a growing interest in a gluten-free diet (GFD) in the management of various autoimmune diseases, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Even medical professionals claim that gluten elimination may improve a patient's treatment. Some studies suggest a relationship between gluten intake and HT development or progression. The aim of the study was to analyze and describe available knowledge regarding the effect of gluten or a gluten-free diet on thyroid autoimmunity in HT with or without celiac disease. Potentially applicable records were obtained through review and analysis of the PUBMED (MEDLINE) and Google Scholar database by using the following phrases: 'hypothyroidism gluten', 'Hashimoto gluten' and 'thyroiditis gluten'. If a record focused on the subject by title and abstrakt, the full paper was screened. Authors' scientific achievements and references of eligible records were screened for possibly omitted studies. The review was focused only on human studies. Gluten exclusion might increase the risk of HT development because of the potential nutritional deficiencies related to the low quality of gluten-free products. Gluten intake from crops grown on selenium-depleted soil increases the risk of HT development. Only a few studies suggest that GFD would be beneficial for HT patients, even without the coexistence of CD. The strongest connection between gluten intake and thyroid destruction seems to be based on a mechanism of molecular mimicry between gut and thyroid tissue transglutaminase. Studies conducted so far do not support the claim that HT patients should eliminate gluten from their diet. In view of the limited number of studies, with major limitations and ambiguous results, a gluten-free diet is not recommended.

Recent observations have shown that Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)affects the host through various mechanisms. While both weight loss and obesity have been reported in the SIBO population due to alterations in the gut microbiome, very little is known about the influence of SIBO type on body composition. This study aimed to evaluate whether there is a link between the three types of SIBO: methane dominant (M+), hydrogen dominant (H+), and methane–hydrogen dominant (H+/M+) and specific anthropometric parameters. This observational study included 67 participants (W = 53, M = 14) with gastrointestinal symptoms and SIBO confirmed by lactulose hydrogen–methane breath tests (LHMBTs) using the QuinTron device. Participants underwent a body composition assessment by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) using the InBody Analyzer. In the H+/M+ group, body weight (p = 0.010), BMI (p = 0.001), body fat in kg (p = 0.009), body fat in % (p = 0.040), visceral fat (p = 0.002), and mineral bone content (p = 0.049) showed an inverse correlation with hydrogen (H2) gas production. These findings suggest that body weight, BMI, body fat, and mineral bone content may be inversely linked to the production of hydrogen and the risk of hydrogen–methane SIBO.

There is limited information on the relationships between restrictions linked to COVID-19 and changes in body weight. The aim of the study was to identify the body weight changes and their determinants in the nutritional and socio-demographic context during the COVID-19 pandemic in Polish women. During lockdown in Poland, 34% of women gained weight, while 18% of women reduced weight. As many as 44% of women with obesity before the pandemic increased their body weight, and 74% of women that were underweight reduced their body weight. In a group with weight gain, women increased their body weight by 2.8 kg on average and around 65% of them increased their total food intake. Unhealthy dietary changes and the negative lifestyle changes that comprised of an increase in screen time and a decrease in physical activity were found as key factors associated with weight gain. A higher risk of weight gain was associated with being obese before the pandemic or living in a macroeconomic region >50% of EU-28 GDP, while those younger in age and carrying out remote work had a higher chance of weight loss. Concluding, the specific conditions during lockdown worsened the nutritional status, which may increase the risk of complicatedness and mortality from COVID-19. It seems advisable to create dietary and lifestyle recommendations tailored to the individual needs of women who are underweight or have excessive body weight. More attention should be paid also to environmental impacts. Both, the reduction of excessive body weight and the maintenance of a normal weight should be based on the principle to eat and live sustainably and healthily.

Background: Discretionary foods are not necessary for a healthy diet and are too high in saturated fat and/or added sugars, added salt, or alcohol and are low in fiber. The aim of this study was to identify patterns of discretionary food (DF) consumption in Polish adolescents in relation to anthropometric, socio-demographic, and lifestyle factors. It is important to learn about discretionary food consumption habits to identify health risks and plan strategies to reduce DF consumption. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 2849 primary school students aged 10–12 from Poland. Socio-demographic data, eating habits, lifestyle factors, and nutritional knowledge of children were assessed using questionnaires: KomPAN® and SF-FFQ4PolishChildren®. Body composition testing was performed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) using a TANITA MC-780 S MA multi-frequency segmented analyzer. Results: Four dietary patterns were identified with different frequencies of discretionary food consumption: LowDF, MediumDF, HighDF, and HighSweet pattern. Children from the LowDF and MediumDF patterns had higher BMI and body fat content than children from the HighDF and HighSweets patterns (p < 0.0001). The majority of children (68.4%) were of normal weight, 22.3% were overweight or obese, and 9.4% were underweight. Children in the LowDF and MediumDF patterns had higher body fat (24% and 23.5%, respectively) than children in the HighDF and HighSweetDF patterns (22.4% and 22.4%, respectively). Most of the children showed adherence to the MediumDF pattern, and they were mainly boys (38 vs. 32.5%). Girls predominate in LowDF, HighDF, and HighSweets patterns (33.5, 18.4, and 15.5%, respectively). Children in the LowDF and MediumDF patterns tended to be more physically active in their leisure time (OR = 1.758 (CI:1.32 2.34) p < 0.0001; OR = 1.354 (CI:1.04; 1.76) p = 0.0227) and the opposite relationship was observed in the HighDF pattern (OR = 0.495 (CI:0.38; 0.65) p < 0.0001). Children in the HighSweets pattern had low adherence to high physical activity (OR = 0.666 (CI:0.48; 0.92) p = 0.0132), but high adherence to moderate (OR = 1.29 (CI:1.01; 1.65) p = 0.0443) and high (OR = 1.54 (CI:1.04; 2.38) p = 0.0428) nutrition knowledge. Conclusions: Consumption of discretionary foods by Polish adolescents is related to body composition, socio-demographic, and lifestyle factors. Given the global emphasis on improving the daily diet, it seems necessary to implement intervention programs in Poland that would, among other things, clarify recommendations for the consumption of discretionary foods, following the example of other countries that have already achieved results in this regard. From a public health perspective, interventions to increase nutritional knowledge and improve lifestyles should be implemented with both adolescents and their parents in coordination with the school.

There is not any diet recommended for Hashimoto’s disease, despite that those patients are often undernourished. Because of the high heterogeneity of Hashimoto’s patients, insight into dietary patterns might shed some light on the patient-tailored dietary approach, thus improving their treatment and helping to identify patients with the highest probability of particular nutritional deficiencies. The aim of this study was to identify Hashimoto’s patients’ dietary patterns and their characterization based on both socio-demographic variables and dietary self-assessment. We collected data online from patients with Hashimoto’s disease. The questionnaire formula used in the study was developed based on a validated food frequency questionnaire KomPAN®. K-means pattern analyses were used to characterize patients into patterns based on the frequency of particular types of foods consumption and socio-demographic factors. Four patterns were identified. We labeled them as ‘Convenient’, ‘Non-meat’, ‘Pro-healthy’, and ‘Carnivores’ with participants proportions at approximately one-fourth per each pattern. The patients were mainly of the female gender (94.08%), with a female: male ratio of 15.9. Hashimoto’s patients differed in their food product choices, food choice motives, dieting experience, nutritional knowledge, smoking habits, food allergies and intolerances, and lipid disorders, and thus represent different eating patterns. However, these patterns were not determined by comorbidities or the majority of ailments.