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Direct and site-selective C-H functionalization of alkenes under environmentally benign conditions represents a useful and attractive yet challenging transformation to access value-added molecules. Herein, a unified protocol for a variety of intermolecular Heck-type functionalizations of C sp2 -H bond of alkenes has been developed by thianthrenation. The reaction features metal-free and operationally simple conditions for exclusive cine -selective C-H functionalization of aliphatic and aryl alkenes to forge C-C, C-N, C-P, and C-S bonds at room temperature, providing a general protocol for intermolecular Heck-type reaction of alkenes with nucleophiles (Nu = sulfinates, cyanides, amines, amides). Alkenes undergo cine -sulfonylation, cyanation, amination to afford alkenyl sulfones, alkenyl nitriles and enamines. Direct and site-selective C–H functionalization of alkenes under environmentally benign conditions represents a useful and attractive yet challenging transformation to access value-added molecules. Here, the authors report a protocol for a variety of intermolecular Heck-type functionalization of C(sp2)–H bond of alkenes by thianthrenation.

Six-membered N -containing heterocycles, such as 2-piperidinone derivatives, with diverse substitution patterns are widespread in natural products, drug molecules and serve as key precursors for piperidines. Thus, the development of stereoselective synthesis of multi-substituted 2-piperidinones are attractive. However, existing methods heavily rely on modification of pre-synthesized backbones which require tedious multi-step procedure and suffer from limited substitution patterns. Herein, an organophotocatalysed [1 + 2 + 3] strategy was developed to enable the one-step access to diverse substituted 2-piperidinones from easily available inorganic ammonium salts, alkenes, and unsaturated carbonyl compounds. This mild protocol exhibits exclusive chemoselectivity over two alkenes, tolerating both terminal and internal alkenes with a wide range of functional groups. The synthesis of 2-piperidinone derivatives remains challenging. Here, the authors develop an organophotocatalysed [1 + 2 + 3] strategy to enable the one-step access to diverse 2-piperidinones from ammonium salts, alkenes, and unsaturated carbonyl compounds.

Background The MYB superfamily constitutes one of the most abundant groups of transcription factors described in plants. Nevertheless, their functions appear to be highly diverse and remain rather unclear. To date, no genome-wide characterization of this gene family has been conducted in a legume species. Here we report the first genome-wide analysis of the whole MYB superfamily in a legume species, soybean ( Glycine max ), including the gene structures, phylogeny, chromosome locations, conserved motifs, and expression patterns, as well as a comparative genomic analysis with Arabidopsis . Results A total of 244 R2R3-MYB genes were identified and further classified into 48 subfamilies based on a phylogenetic comparative analysis with their putative orthologs, showed both gene loss and duplication events. The phylogenetic analysis showed that most characterized MYB genes with similar functions are clustered in the same subfamily, together with the identification of orthologs by synteny analysis, functional conservation among subgroups of MYB genes was strongly indicated. The phylogenetic relationships of each subgroup of MYB genes were well supported by the highly conserved intron/exon structures and motifs outside the MYB domain. Synonymous nucleotide substitution ( d N / d S ) analysis showed that the soybean MYB DNA-binding domain is under strong negative selection. The chromosome distribution pattern strongly indicated that genome-wide segmental and tandem duplication contribute to the expansion of soybean MYB genes. In addition, we found that ~ 4% of soybean R2R3-MYB genes had undergone alternative splicing events, producing a variety of transcripts from a single gene, which illustrated the extremely high complexity of transcriptome regulation. Comparative expression profile analysis of R2R3-MYB genes in soybean and Arabidopsis revealed that MYB genes play conserved and various roles in plants, which is indicative of a divergence in function. Conclusions In this study we identified the largest MYB gene family in plants known to date. Our findings indicate that members of this large gene family may be involved in different plant biological processes, some of which may be potentially involved in legume-specific nodulation. Our comparative genomics analysis provides a solid foundation for future functional dissection of this family gene.

A complete goat ( Capra hircus ) reference genome enhances analyses of genetic variation, thus providing insights into domestication and selection in goats and related species. Here, we assemble a telomere-to-telomere (T2T) gap-free genome (2.86 Gb) from a cashmere goat (T2T-goat1.0), including a Y chromosome of 20.96 Mb. With a base accuracy of >99.999%, T2T-goat1.0 corrects numerous genome-wide structural and base errors in previous assemblies and adds 288.5 Mb of previously unresolved regions and 446 newly assembled genes to the reference genome. We sequence the genomes of five representative goat breeds for PacBio reads, and use T2T-goat1.0 as a reference to identify a total of 63,417 structural variations (SVs) with up to 4711 (7.42%) in the previously unresolved regions. T2T-goat1.0 was applied in population analyses of global wild and domestic goats, which revealed 32,419 SVs and 25,397,794 SNPs, including 870 SVs and 545,026 SNPs in the previously unresolved regions. Also, our analyses reveal a set of selective variants and genes associated with domestication (e.g., NKG2D and ABCC4 ) and cashmere traits (e.g., ABCC4 and ASIP ). Species genomes are important for analyses of genetic variation. Wu et al. assembled a T2T genome of a male cashmere goat, including 288.5 Mb of previously unresolved regions, and identified selective variants and genes associated with domestication and cashmere traits.

With the intensification of agricultural production, the significance of soil biological health and microbial network structure has grown increasingly critical. Replacing chemical fertilizers with organic ones has garnered widespread attention as an effective strategy for enhancing soil quality. This study explored the mechanisms of how partial substitution of chemical fertilizers with organic ones affects the microbial community structure in soybean rhizosphere soil of Albic soil. Potting trials and high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that, compared with conventional fertilization, the soil ACE and Chao1 diversity indices in the treatment with 75% organic fertilizer substitution significantly increased by 19.49% and 21.02%, respectively. The soil pH, organic matter, total phosphorus (TP), effective phosphorus (AP), and hydrolyzed nitrogen (HN) levels exhibited a marked increase of 4.33%, 18.67%, 20.90%, 23.35%, and 32.97% with high levels of organic fertiliser replacement, as compared to NPK. Meanwhile, the dominant phyla of Proteobacteria and Basidiomycota significantly increased by 36.11% and 286.79%, respectively. LEfSe analysis revealed that the fungal community was more sensitive to the fertilizer application strategy than the bacterial communities. Furthermore, redundancy analysis (RDA) demonstrated that soil pH and organic matter were primary environmental factors influencing microbial community structure. The co-occurrence network analysis showed that the partial utilization of organic fertilizers could strengthen the interrelationships among species, leading to a more complex and dense bacterial network. The findings can offer a significant scientific foundation for refining the fertilization strategies for Albic soil and facilitating the shift from conventional to sustainable agricultural practices.

The function of the root system is crucial for plant survival, such as anchoring plants, absorbing nutrients and water from the soil, and adapting to stress. MYB transcription factors constitute one of the largest transcription factor families in plant genomes with structural and functional diversifications. Members of this superfamily in plant development and cell differentiation, specialized metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stress processes are widely recognized, but their roles in plant roots are still not well characterized. Recent advances in functional studies remind us that MYB genes may have potentially key roles in roots. In this review, the current knowledge about the functions of MYB genes in roots was summarized, including promoting cell differentiation, regulating cell division through cell cycle, response to biotic and abiotic stresses (e.g., drought, salt stress, nutrient stress, light, gravity, and fungi), and mediate phytohormone signals. MYB genes from the same subfamily tend to regulate similar biological processes in roots in redundant but precise ways. Given their increasing known functions and wide expression profiles in roots, MYB genes are proposed as key components of the gene regulatory networks associated with distinct biological processes in roots. Further functional studies of MYB genes will provide an important basis for root regulatory mechanisms, enabling a more inclusive green revolution and sustainable agriculture to face the constant changes in climate and environmental conditions.

The ankle‐link complex (ALC) consists of USH2A, WHRN, PDZD7, and ADGRV1 and plays an important role in hair cell development. At present, its architectural organization and signaling role remain unclear. By establishing Adgrv1 Y6236fsX1 mutant mice as a model of the deafness‐associated human Y6244fsX1 mutation, the authors show here that the Y6236fsX1 mutation disrupts the interaction between adhesion G protein‐coupled receptor V subfamily member 1 (ADGRV1) and other ALC components, resulting in stereocilia disorganization and mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) deficits. Importantly, ADGRV1 inhibits WHRN phosphorylation through regional cAMP‐PKA signaling, which in turn regulates the ubiquitination and stability of USH2A via local signaling compartmentalization, whereas ADGRV1 Y6236fsX1 does not. Yeast two‐hybrid screening identified the E3 ligase WDSUB1 that binds to WHRN and regulates the ubiquitination of USH2A in a WHRN phosphorylation‐dependent manner. Further FlAsH‐BRET assay, NMR spectrometry, and mutagenesis analysis provided insights into the architectural organization of ALC and interaction motifs at single‐residue resolution. In conclusion, the present data suggest that ALC organization and accompanying local signal transduction play important roles in regulating the stability of the ALC. The ankle link complex (ALC) is essential for hair cell development and hearing. However, the architectural organization and signaling role of ALC remain unclear. Here, the authors show that ALC component ADGRV1 inhibits whirlin phosphorylation and regulates the stability of USH2A through compartmentalized cAMP‐PKA signaling. These results provide insights into the molecular mechanism underlying ALC assembly and dynamic regulation.

Non-self recognition is a fundamental aspect of life, serving as a crucial mechanism for mitigating proliferation of molecular parasites within fungal populations. However, studies investigating the potential interference of plants with fungal non-self recognition mechanisms are limited. Here, we demonstrate a pronounced increase in the efficiency of horizontal mycovirus transmission between vegetatively incompatible Sclerotinia sclerotiorum strains in planta as compared to in vitro. This increased efficiency is associated with elevated proline concentration in plants following S. sclerotiorum infection. This surge in proline levels attenuates the non-self recognition reaction among fungi by inhibition of cell death, thereby facilitating mycovirus transmission. Furthermore, our field experiments reveal that the combined deployment of hypovirulent S. sclerotiorum strains harboring hypovirulence-associated mycoviruses (HAVs) together with exogenous proline confers substantial protection to oilseed rape plants against virulent S. sclerotiorum . This unprecedented discovery illuminates a novel pathway by which plants can counteract S. sclerotiorum infection, leveraging the weakening of fungal non-self recognition and promotion of HAVs spread. These promising insights provide an avenue to explore for developing innovative biological control strategies aimed at mitigating fungal diseases in plants by enhancing the efficacy of horizontal HAV transmission. Mycoviruses are obligate parasites of fungi. Here, Hai et al. show that mycoviruses can induce hypovirulence in the fungus Sclerotinia, and plants infected by Sclerotinia facilitate the transmission of these mycoviruses, thereby helping the plants defend against Sclerotinia.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) is a multimodal ion channel implicated in diverse physiopathological processes. Its important involvement in immune responses has been suggested such as in the macrophages’ phagocytosis process. However, the endogenous signaling cascades controlling the gating of TRPV2 remain to be understood. Here, we report that enhancing tyrosine phosphorylation remarkably alters the chemical and thermal sensitivities of TRPV2 endogenously expressed in rat bone marrow-derived macrophages and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. We identify that the protein tyrosine kinase JAK1 mediates TRPV2 phosphorylation at the molecular sites Tyr(335), Tyr(471), and Tyr(525). JAK1 phosphorylation is required for maintaining TRPV2 activity and the phagocytic ability of macrophages. We further show that TRPV2 phosphorylation is dynamically balanced by protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 1 (PTPN1). PTPN1 inhibition increases TRPV2 phosphorylation, further reducing the activation temperature threshold. Our data thus unveil an intrinsic mechanism where the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation dynamic balance sets the basal chemical and thermal sensitivity of TRPV2. Targeting this pathway will aid therapeutic interventions in physiopathological contexts. All the cells in our body have a membrane that separates their interior from the outside environment. However, studded across this barrier are numerous ion channels which allow the cell to sense and react to changes in its surroundings. This includes the ion channel TRPV2, which opens in response to mechanical pressure, certain chemical signals, or rising temperature levels. Many types of cell express TRPV2, including cells in the nervous system, muscle, and the immune system. However, despite being extensively studied, it is still not clear how TRPV2 opens and closes upon encountering high temperatures. In particular, previous work suggested that TRPV2 only responds when a cell’s surroundings reach around 52°C, which is a much higher temperature than cells inside our body normally encounter, even during a fever. To help resolve this mystery, Mo, Pang et al. studied TRPV2 in neurons responsible for sending sensory information and in immune cells called macrophages which had been extracted from rodents and grown in the laboratory. They found that when the cells were bathed in solutions containing magnesium ions, their TRPV2 channels were more sensitive to a number of different cues, including temperature. Further biochemical experiments showed that magnesium ions do not directly affect TRPV2, but increase the activity of another protein called JAK1. The magnesium ions caused JAK1 to attach specialized structures called phosphorylation tags to TRPV2. This modification (known as phosphorylation) made the channel more sensitive, allowing it to open in response to temperatures as low as 40°C. Mo, Pang et al. found that inhibiting JAK1 reduced the activity of TRPV2. Conversely, inhibiting the enzyme that removes the phosphorylation tags, called PTPN1, increased the channel’s activity. They also discovered that when JAK1 was blocked, macrophages were less able to ‘eat up’ bacteria, which is one of their main roles in the immune system. Taken together these experiments advance our understanding of how TRPV2 becomes active. The balance between the phosphorylation by JAK1 and the dephosphorylation by PTPN1 controls the temperature at which TRPV2 opens. Since TRPV2 contributes to several biological functions, including the development of the nervous system, the maintenance of heart muscles, and inflammation, these findings will be important to scientists in a broad range of fields.

Brassica napus (2 n  = 4 x  = 38, AACC) is an important allopolyploid crop derived from interspecific crosses between Brassica rapa (2 n  = 2 x  = 20, AA) and Brassica oleracea (2 n  = 2 x  = 18, CC). However, no truly wild B. napus populations are known; its origin and improvement processes remain unclear. Here, we resequence 588 B. napus accessions. We uncover that the A subgenome may evolve from the ancestor of European turnip and the C subgenome may evolve from the common ancestor of kohlrabi, cauliflower, broccoli, and Chinese kale. Additionally, winter oilseed may be the original form of B. napus . Subgenome-specific selection of defense-response genes has contributed to environmental adaptation after formation of the species, whereas asymmetrical subgenomic selection has led to ecotype change. By integrating genome-wide association studies, selection signals, and transcriptome analyses, we identify genes associated with improved stress tolerance, oil content, seed quality, and ecotype improvement. They are candidates for further functional characterization and genetic improvement of B. napus . Brassica napus is a globally important oil crop, but the origin of the allotetraploid genome and its improvement process are largely unknown. Here, the authors take a population genetic approach to resolve its origin and evolutionary history, and identify candidate genes related to important agricultural traits.