Explore the vast range of titles available.

The primary purpose of intensifying interventions is to increase the effect of the intervention currently being delivered. However, there has been little empirical work completed that can provide guidance on selecting intensification methods. Because intensity can be modified in a number of ways that may differentially impact the time, effort, or resources required to deliver an intervention, it is important that systematic research is conducted that will assist practitioners in determining what methods serve to amplify intervention effects. This study evaluated the effect of the immediate delivery of accuracy feedback, as a method of intensification, when added to an explicit timing (ET) intervention. Results indicated that the addition of immediate accuracy feedback enhanced the effect of an ET intervention. Implications for these results and future research are provided.

Math proficiency is related to math calculation fluency. Explicit timing provides repeated practice for math fluency. It is enhanced through goal setting, graphic feedback, and rewards. Self-selected goals have potential to increase performance for math fluency. This study compared the effect of goal lines, and researcher goals versus self-selected goals. The authors compared three groups: (a) researcher-selected goals only, (b) researcher-selected goals with goal lines, and (c) self-selected goals with goal lines. First-grade students completed subtraction probes and colored in a bar graph with their performance. When participants met or exceeded their goals, participants received rewards twice per week. Results indicated that the researcher-selected goals with goal lines procedures with explicit timing had the greatest effect on subtraction fluency for first-grade students. The researcher-selected goals with goal lines and self-selected goals with goal lines groups outperformed the researcher-selected goals-only group.

When remedying student academic deficits, educators must decide not only upon the intervention package to employ but how much of that intervention to deliver in order to provide an effective dose. In the current study, various doses of an explicit timing math fluency intervention package were evaluated with 105 fourth-grade students to identify the range of effective doses. Results indicate that doses of one 2-min intervention per day for 20 days (40 cumulative min) was the minimum required to produce a measurable treatment effect. Higher doses were also found to be effective. Discussion focuses on how using dose-response curve analysis can provide a more comprehensive evaluation of interventions that can better inform practitioners who are attempting to prevent and remedy academic skill deficits. Implications for future studies and expanded evaluation of treatments and treatment catalysts are also discussed.

This study examined general education teachers' implementation of behavior management interventions following consultation. Interventions were implemented for 8 elementary school students referred for consultation and intervention due to disruptive behavior in the classroom. Initial implementation varied across teachers, but became unstable or exhibited a downward trend in the absence of follow-up. Brief meetings that reviewed the intervention materials were associated with improved implementation for 1 teacher, marginal improvement for 2 others, and were ineffective for the fourth. Performance feedback resulted in high stable implementation. As follow-up meetings were provided less often, implementation remained generally high, but was somewhat less stable. Implementation for two subsequent referrals was at a higher level than the initial referrals. Teachers rated the consultants positively and students' behavior as changing in the desired direction. Observations prior to and after intervention supported teacher ratings. The implications of these findings for consultation and intervention implementation are discussed.

This study examined teachers' implementation of treatment plans following consultation. Interventions were implemented for 45 elementary school students referred for consultation and intervention due to academic concerns, challenging behavior, or a combination of the two. The consultation follow-up procedures examined were brief weekly interviews, weekly interviews combined with an emphasis on the commitment to implement the treatment, and performance feedback. Performance feedback was associated with superior treatment implementation and child behavioral outcomes when compared to the two other conditions. Treatment implementation did not differ for the weekly follow-up meeting and the commitment emphasis conditions at a statistically significant level. Teacher ratings of consultants and treatment acceptability were similar across conditions. A moderate statistically significant correlation between treatment integrity and child behavioral outcome was obtained. The correlation between treatment acceptability and implementation was quite small and was not statistically significant. The implications of these findings for consultation and intervention are discussed.

Computers have become an important piece of technology in classrooms for implementing academic interventions. Often, students' responses to these interventions are used to help make important educational decisions. Therefore, it is important to consider the effect of these interventions across multiple contexts. For example, previous research has demonstrated that when students practice math fact fluency on the computers gains did not generalize to paper-pencil performance. The current study extended this research by examining the effect of multiple stimulus exemplars on the generalization of computer-based math practice to paper-pencil performance. A total of 57 second-grade students completed fluency drills only on the computer, computer mixed with paper-pencil or with only paper-pencil. Pretest-posttest performance was evaluated using a 3 × 2 doubly multivariate repeated-measures ANOVA, with follow-up univariate analysis to determine whether the interaction between time and treatment type was similar across matched and unmatched treatment modalities. Results from previous research were replicated with a lack of generalization across modalities, but the addition of multiple stimulus exemplars resulted in increased generalization for those students receiving a mix of computer and paper-pencil practice.

Check-in/Check-out (CICO) is one of the most commonly utilized and well-established Tier 2 interventions (Horner, Sugai, & Lewis, 2015). Evaluation of CICO components is necessary to inform implementation of adequate prevention and intervention services, as well as evidence-based modifications of intervention intensity for students at risk of developing more severe problem behaviors. The current study utilized a multiple baseline design to examine the minimum amount of in-class feedback required to reduce student problem behavior and increase appropriate behaviors for three fifth grade students in the general education classroom. For all three participants, the first phase evaluated student response to the implementation of morning check-in and afternoon check-out only. Additional in-class feedback was provided for one participant. Results suggest that CICO may be effective in reducing student problem behavior without full implementation of in-class feedback.

This study evaluated students' daily implementation of a reciprocal peer tutoring procedure for mathematics and methods for supporting student implementation. Additionally, this study evaluated the reliability of progress monitoring data collected by students. The peer tutoring procedure was designed such that completion of each treatment component produced a unique permanent product. Student integrity was defined as the percentage of treatment components completed. The effect of performance feedback for students with poor implementation was evaluated. Five of the 37 students who implemented the peer tutoring procedure were provided additional follow-up support due to poor implementation. The accuracy of students' implementation of the peer tutoring procedure improved markedly when they were provided performance feedback. With regard to the reliability of progress monitoring data collected by students, a very high level of agreement was obtained between adults who scored probes for digits correct per minute and tutor scoring of those probes. Implications for practice employing peermediated interventions and further research are discussed.

This study examined an approach for assessing and intervening with academic concerns that is conceptually derived from the distinction between skill deficits and performance deficits. A class-wide assessment was used to describe the students' functioning in the context of their peers and to help select a target concern for intervention. An individual assessment was also conducted to examine the possibility that goal setting and reward would be sufficient to correct the identified deficit. For 2 students rewards were effective in the brief assessment, suggesting a performance deficit hypothesis, and for 2 students they were not, suggesting a skill deficit hypothesis. An extended analysis was then conducted comparing an instructional intervention to one emphasizing motivational variables. In all cases the intervention approach suggested by the initial brief analysis was supported in the extended analysis. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.

Check-in/check-out (CICO) is a well-established Tier 2 intervention to address at-risk student behavior problems. Despite its widespread empirical support and applied use, CICO can be taxing for teachers to implement when there is insufficient time available and teacher self-efficacy in addressing behavior problems is low. Evaluation of CICO is necessary to promote smarter decision making and efficient service delivery for students at risk of developing more severe problem behaviors. The discussion article outlines one method to identify the exact amount of Tier 2 support needed to improve an individual student's behavior.