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In this study, the flavour-enhancing properties of the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) for different systems consisted of different peptides (sunflower, SFP; corn, CP and soyabean SP) with, xylose and cysteine were investigated. Maillard systems from peptides of sunflower, corn and soyabean with xylose and cysteine were designated as PXC, MCP and MSP, respectively. The Maillard systems were prepared at pH of 7.4 using temperature of 120C for 2 h. Results showed that all systems were significantly different in all sensory attributes. The highest scores for mouthfulness and continuity were observed for MCP with the lowest peptides distribution between 1000 and 5000 Da, known as Maillard peptide. This revealed that the MCP with the lowest Maillard peptide content had the strongest “Kokumi” effect compared to the other MRPsand demonstrated that “kokumi effect” of MRPs was contributed by not only the “Maillard peptide” defined by the molecular weight (1000–5000 Da). Results on sensory evaluation after fractionation of PXC followed by enzymatic hydrolysis showed no significant differences between PXC, P-PXC and their hydrolysates. This observation therefore confirmed that the presence of other contributors attributed to the “Kokumi” effect rather than the Maillard peptide. It can be deduced that the unhydrolyzed crosslinking products might have contributed to the “Kokumi” effect of MRPs. The structures of four probable crosslinking compounds were proposed and the findings have provided new insights in the sensory characteristics of xylose, cysteine and sunflower peptide MRPs.

The sensory characteristics and antioxidant capacity of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) from two substrates namely sunflower free amino acid and peptides, xylose with and without cysteine model systems (AXC, AX, PXC and PX, respectively) were evaluated and compared. The model systems were heated at 120 °C for 2.0 h and a pH of 7.4. Results showed that AXC had greater meat-like flavour and umami taste, while PXC showed great mouthfulness and continuity taste, and AX and PX showed higher caramel-like flavour and bitter taste. The addition of cysteine was found to accelerate high molecular weight peptide degradation while suppressing low molecular weight cross-linking and colour formation in PXC and AXC. Furthermore, it was observed that sensory attributes of MRPs were not significantly affected by the peptides size. Results also showed that caramel-like flavour and bitter taste were significantly and positively correlated with furans and most of the nitrogen-containing compounds while these compounds had significant and negative impact on mouthfulness, continuity and meat-like flavour. Additionally, sulphur-containing compounds showed significant and positive influence on meat-like flavour, while PXC and PX showed higher antioxidant activities than AXC and AX. It can therefore be concluded that sunflower peptides MRPs can be a good precursor of flavour enhancers with high antioxidant activity, while sunflower free amino acid MRPs can be used to produce meat-like flavour enhancers.