Explore the vast range of titles available.

Arbovirus infections are a serious concern in tropical countries due to their high levels of transmission and morbidity. With the outbreaks of chikungunya (CHIKV) in surrounding regions in recent years and the fact that the environment in Vietnam is suitable for the vectors of CHIKV, the possibility of transmission of CHIKV in Vietnam is of great interest. However, information about CHIKV activity in Vietnam remains limited. In order to address this question, we performed a systematic review of CHIKV in Vietnam and a CHIKV seroprevalence survey. The seroprevalence survey tested for CHIKV IgG in population serum samples from individuals of all ages in 2015 from four locations in Vietnam. The four locations were An Giang province (n = 137), Ho Chi Minh City (n = 136), Dak Lak province (n = 137), and Hue City (n = 136). The findings give us evidence of some CHIKV activity: 73/546 of overall samples were seropositive (13.4%). The age-adjusted seroprevalences were 12.30% (6.58-18.02), 13.42% (7.16-19.68), 7.97% (3.56-12.38), and 3.72% (1.75-5.69) in An Giang province, Ho Chi Minh City, Dak Lak province, and Hue City respectively. However, the age-stratified seroprevalence suggests that the last transmission ended around 30 years ago, consistent with results from the systematic review. We see no evidence for on-going transmission in three of the locations, though with some evidence of recent exposure in Dak Lak, most likely due to transmission in neighbouring countries. Before the 1980s, when transmission was occurring, we estimate on average 2-4% of the population were infected each year in HCMC and An Giang and Hue (though transmision ended earlier in Hue). We estimate lower transmission in Dak Lak, with around 1% of the population infected each year. In conclusion, we find evidence of past CHIKV transmission in central and southern Vietnam, but no evidence of recent sustained transmission. When transmission of CHIKV did occur, it appeared to be widespread and affect a geographically diverse population. The estimated susceptibility of the population to chikungunya is continually increasing, therefore the possibility of future CHIKV transmission in Vietnam remains.

Heat exchangers are widely used across various industries to transfer heat between two fluids: liquid or gas without direct contact. In turbojet engines operating at high temperatures, heat exchangers are essential for cooling lubricants, improving engine efficiency, and minimizing lubricant degradation. Shell‐and‐tube heat exchangers are preferred in aircraft engines for their compact size and high thermal efficiency. The development of such heat exchangers involves several steps, including selecting the appropriate number of tubes, calculating the cooling rate, and conducting reliability tests before and after fabrication. After reviewing multiple manufacturing parameters and evaluating the suitability for the target aircraft engine, we established a comprehensive three‐step fabrication process. First, numerical calculations were carried out to estimate the required number of tubes and shells. Next, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis using ANSYS Fluent was conducted to validate the numerical results and perform parametric studies. Finally, a new heat exchanger design was fabricated and tested to evaluate its efficiency under real‐world operating conditions.

This article analyzes how trade openness and political stability affect foreign direct investment (FDI) in 25 Asia-Pacific countries from 1990 to 2020. This study employs the dynamic system Generalized Method of Moments to mitigate the heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation issues. We also perform the Johnson–Neyman test to examine whether trade openness moderates the relationship between political stability and FDI. Our findings show that trade openness positively affects FDI, while political stability has a negative effect. Noticeably, the Johnson–Neyman test indicates that Trade Openness moderates the relationship between political stability and FDI in Asia-Pacific nations. Trade openness and its moderating role remained robust before the 2008 financial crisis. The impacts of trade openness and political stability on FDI persist in non-tax-heaven countries. Our findings align with market-seeking, efficiency, resource-seeking, and regulatory risk theories. Finally, these findings are helpful for policymakers to attract FDI projects sustainably across the Asia-Pacific region.

The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is pivotal in firm governance and is tasked with policy implementation and maximizing shareholder benefit. However, predicting CEO behaviour remains challenging, especially when considering CEO power (CEOP). Hence, this study explores the link between CEOP and firm risk-taking (FRT) in selected firms on the stock market in Vietnam from 2010 to 2020. Utilizing the Entropy weight methodology, a CEOP index combines structural, ownership, and expert power indicators. The SYS-GMM approach mitigates potential endogeneity issues, revealing a positive correlation between CEOP and FRT. Interestingly, CEO risk aversion increases in state-owned firms’ participants, suggesting heightened supervision. Moreover, each characteristic of the CEOP index uniquely influences FRT. The findings offer theoretical and practical insights for enhancing governance and supervision mechanisms to optimize stakeholder benefits.In business, avoiding all risks is impractical, and risk-taking endeavours can present growth opportunities. However, uncertainties from risks can impact financial performance, requiring corporations to demonstrate effective risk management. Decision-making and oversight of organizational activities are decided by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Hence, this study explores the interaction between CEO power and firm risk-taking in the context of Vietnam. Powerful CEOs tend to gravitate towards risks, but effective governance mechanisms and board independence can balance this tendency. The study recognizes the influential role of CEO power in shaping risk-taking behaviours and emphasizes the positive impact of state ownership. Balancing CEO empowerment with organizational supervision is crucial, and solutions include comprehensive risk assessments and clear operating frameworks. However, the study acknowledges limitations and recommends guidelines for a more comprehensive analysis in future research.

Drug resistant typhoid fever is a major clinical problem globally. Many of the first line antibiotics, including the older generation fluoroquinolones, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, are failing. We performed a randomised controlled trial to compare the efficacy and safety of gatifloxacin (10 mg/kg/day) versus azithromycin (20 mg/kg/day) as a once daily oral dose for 7 days for the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in children and adults in Vietnam. An open-label multi-centre randomised trial with pre-specified per protocol analysis and intention to treat analysis was conducted. The primary outcome was fever clearance time, the secondary outcome was overall treatment failure (clinical or microbiological failure, development of typhoid fever-related complications, relapse or faecal carriage of S. typhi). We enrolled 358 children and adults with suspected typhoid fever. There was no death in the study. 287 patients had blood culture confirmed typhoid fever, 145 patients received gatifloxacin and 142 patients received azithromycin. The median FCT was 106 hours in both treatment arms (95% Confidence Interval [CI]; 94-118 hours for gatifloxacin versus 88-112 hours for azithromycin), (logrank test p = 0.984, HR [95% CI] = 1.0 [0.80-1.26]). Overall treatment failure occurred in 13/145 (9%) patients in the gatifloxacin group and 13/140 (9.3%) patients in the azithromycin group, (logrank test p = 0.854, HR [95% CI] = 0.93 [0.43-2.0]). 96% (254/263) of the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and 58% (153/263) were multidrug resistant. Both antibiotics showed an excellent efficacy and safety profile. Both gatifloxacin and azithromycin can be recommended for the treatment of typhoid fever particularly in regions with high rates of multidrug and nalidixic acid resistance. The cost of a 7-day treatment course of gatifloxacin is approximately one third of the cost of azithromycin in Vietnam. Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN67946944.

The spreading of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in crops and food products represents a global concern. In this study, we conducted a survey of resistomes in maize rhizosphere from Michigan, California, the Netherlands, and South Africa, and investigated potential associations with host bacteria and soil management practices in the crop field. For comparison, relative abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is normalized to the size of individual metagenomes. Michigan maize rhizosphere metagenomes showed the highest abundance and diversity of ARGs, with the detection of blaTEM-116, blaACT-4/-6, and FosA2, exhibiting high similarity (≥ 99.0%) to those in animal and human pathogens. This was probably related to the decade-long application of manure/composted manure from antibiotic-treated animals. Moreover, RbpA, vanRO, mtrA, and dfrB were prevalently found across most studied regions, implying their intrinsic origins. Further analysis revealed that RbpA, vanRO, and mtrA are mainly harbored by native Actinobacteria with low mobility since mobile genetic elements were rarely found in their flanking regions. Notably, a group of dfrB genes are adjacent to the recombination binding sites (attC), which together constitute mobile gene cassettes, promoting the transmission from soil bacteria to human pathogens. These results suggest that maize rhizosphere resistomes can be distinctive and affected by many factors, particularly those relevant to agricultural practices.

State investment in health services has a great influence on improving the quality of health services. It creates many opportunities for people to choose in medical examination and treatment facilities, ensures social security, and contributes to improving the peoples' living standards. State investment in health services in Vietnam currently has many shortcomings. Although large resources have been invested in the health sector, the quantity and quality of healthcare services have not yet met the demand of the people, especially those who are poor, near-poor and live in remote areas. Inequality in the provision and use of healthcare services tends to increase. Through the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) quantitative analysis model, research has shown the factors affecting access to resources of health service providers, and the ability to access and benefit from health services. Based on that, we propose policy recommendations to improve the efficiency of the state's investment in essential public services in order to improve people's access to and benefit from health services.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine how the Vietnamese government's economic development strategies affect ethnic minority people's knowledge of cultural preservation in the border area of Northern Vietnam.   Theoretical framework: The study focuses on three main driven factors of the awareness of cultural preservation that are economic changes, societal changes, and environmental changes from three economic fields: agriculture, industry, and trade and services.   Design/methodology/approach: The research sample was taken from ethnic minorities in Northern Vietnam's border area. For questionnaire administration, interviewees are selected at random from the population. Face-to-face, drop-off, and phone-calling approaches were used to disseminate the questionnaire. We received 544 completed returns out of 725 surveys sent out. The data was then cleaned and analyzed with SPSS 20 software using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM).   Findings: The results of a study of ethnic minority communities in seven provinces in Northern Vietnam's border region show that the development of agriculture, industry, trade and service significantly impacts ethnic minority people's awareness of cultural preservation issues due to environmental changes. In contrast, economic and sociological developments appear to have little influence on ethnic minority people's attention to cultural preservation. This phenomenon may be due to the long-term effects of economic and sociological changes, which mostly affect intangible cultural heritages. In contrast, environmental impats are felt swiftly and primarily on physical cultural heritages that can be seen.   Research, Practical & Social implications: The findings of the research provide policymakers with valuable insights on the effects of economic development on cultural preservation. The study's recommendations can inform policies that promote sustainable economic development while preserving the cultural heritage of ethnic minority communities.   Originality/value: The research focuses on the border region of Northern Vietnam, which is an area of strategic importance for economic development and cultural preservation. The study's unique focus on this region provides insights into the cultural and economic dynamics of a specific area that has not been extensively studied.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é examinar como as estratégias de desenvolvimento econômico do governo vietnamita afetam o conhecimento das minorias étnicas sobre a preservação cultural na área de fronteira do norte do Vietnã. Referencial teórico: O estudo enfoca três principais fatores impulsionadores da consciência de preservação cultural que são as mudanças econômicas, as mudanças sociais e as mudanças ambientais de três campos econômicos: agricultura, indústria e comércio e serviços. Desenho/metodologia/abordagem: A amostra da pesquisa foi retirada de minorias étnicas na área de fronteira do norte do Vietnã. Para a administração do questionário, os entrevistados são selecionados aleatoriamente da população. Abordagens face a face, drop-offe chamadas telefônicas foram usadas para disseminar o questionário. Recebemos 544 retornos completos de 725 pesquisas enviadas. Os dados foram então limpos e analisados com o software SPSS 20 usando Modelagem de Equações Estruturais de Mínimos Quadrados Parciais (PLS-SEM). Resultados: Os resultados de um estudo de comunidades de minorias étnicas em sete províncias na região fronteiriça do norte do Vietnã mostram que o desenvolvimento da agricultura, indústria, comércio e serviços impacta significativamente a conscientização das minorias étnicas sobre questões de preservação cultural devido a mudanças ambientais. Em contraste, os desenvolvimentos econômicos e sociológicos parecem ter pouca influência na atenção das minorias étnicas à preservação cultural. Este fenômeno pode ser devido aos efeitos de longo prazo das mudanças econômicas e sociológicas, que afetam principalmente o patrimônio cultural imaterial. Em contraste, os impactos ambientais são sentidos rapidamente e principalmente nas heranças culturais físicas que podem ser vistas. Pesquisa, implicações práticas e sociais: Os resultados da pesquisa fornecem aos formuladores de políticas informações valiosas sobre os efeitos do desenvolvimento econômico na preservação cultural. As recomendações do estudo podem informar políticas que promovam o desenvolvimento econômico sustentável enquanto preservam a herança cultural das comunidades étnicas minoritárias. Originalidade/valor: A pesquisa se concentra na região fronteiriça do norte do Vietnã, que é uma área de importância estratégica para o desenvolvimento econômico e preservação cultural. O foco exclusivo do estudo nesta região fornece informações sobre a dinâmica cultural e econômica de uma área específica que não foi estudada extensivamente.

Mitochondria maintain a biochemical environment that cooperates with BH3-only proteins (e.g., BIM) to potentiate BAX activation, the key event to initiate physiological and pharmacological forms of apoptosis. The sphingosine-1-phosphate metabolite 2-trans-hexadecenal (2t-hexadecenal) is one such component described to support BAX activation, but molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we utilize complementary biochemical and biophysical techniques to reveal that 2t-hexadecenal non-covalently interacts with BAX, and cooperates with BIM to stimulate early-activation steps of monomeric BAX. Integrated structural and computational approaches reveal 2t-hexadecenal binds an undefined region - a hydrophobic cavity formed by core-facing residues of α5, α6, and gated by α8 - we now term the \"BAX actuating funnel\" (BAF). We define alkenal length and α8 mobility as critical determinants for 2t-hexadecenal synergy with BIM and BAX, and demonstrate that proline 168 allosterically regulates BAF function. Collectively, this work imparts detailed molecular insights advancing our fundamental knowledge of BAX regulation and identifies a regulatory region with implications for biological and therapeutic opportunities.