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African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important transboundary diseases of pigs. ASF has been identified in India for the first time in domestic pigs from outbreaks reported in two of the northeastern states, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in 2020. A total of 11 ASF outbreaks in different regions killed over 3700 pigs and devastated the economy of small-scale livestock owners of both the states. Considering the first outbreak of ASF in India, a generic risk assessment framework was determined to identify potential risk factors that might favor future emergence of the disease. Based on the Indian scenario, we considered population density of host, farming practice, availability of biological vectors and wildlife reservoirs, epidemiological cycles, and international trade to analyze the possibility of future outbreaks of ASF and chances of establishment of endemism. On critical analysis of the identified risk factors associated with ASFV transmission, we observed that the risk factors are well preserved in the Indian geography and might participate in future outbreaks, further disseminating the disease to nearby countries. Since no vaccine is currently available against ASF, the domestic and the wild pigs (wild boars and the endangered pygmy hogs native to India) of this region are under constant threat of infection. For the near future, this region will have to continue to rely on the implementation of preventive measures to avoid the devastating losses that outbreaks can cause. The various adaptive control strategies to minimize the risks associated with the transmission of ASF, keeping our views to Indian settings, have been described. The risk-analysis framework presented in the study will give a further understanding of the dynamics of disease transmission and will help to design control strategies and corresponding measures to minimize the catastrophic consequences of ASF disease.

The study was aimed to determine the genital changes, blood biochemical profile and efficacy of different treatment protocols in addressing repeat breeding in crossbred cattle with prolonged oestrus which was usually associated with ovulatory defects such as anovulation and delayed ovulation. For this a total of 48 repeat breeder cows with the history of prolonged oestrus and with apparently normal oestrual discharge were selected and divided into 4 groups and each comprising 12 animals. Various commonly used therapeutic techniques like administration of hCG drug with or without supportive treatment, multiple A.I. and supportive treatment alone was used in the present study. Efficacy of treatment was based on post treatment conception rate and found that the hormone hCG was the choice of drug for treatment of repeat breeding without uterine infection resulting in post treatment conception rate of 83.33 per cent which increased to 91.66 per cent when fortified with supportive treatment. In terms of genital changes occurring in repeat breeder cows under different treatment regimens in the present study it could be mentioned that there was no much variation between treatment regimens