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"ELUN T. GABRIEL"
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Assassins and Conspirators
Over the course of the German Empire the Social Democrats went from being a vilified and persecuted minority to becoming the largest party in the Reichstag, enjoying broad-based support. But this was not always the case. In the 1870s, government mouthpieces branded Social Democracy the \"party of assassins and conspirators\" and sought to excite popular fury against it. Over time, Social Democrats managed to refashion their public image in large part by contrasting themselves to anarchists, who came to represent a politics that went far beyond the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Social Democrats emphasized their overall commitment to peaceful change through parliamentary participation and a willingness to engage their political rivals. They condemned anarchist behavior—terrorism and other political violence specifically—and distanced themselves from the alleged anarchist personal characteristics of rashness, emotionalism, cowardice, and secrecy. Repeated public debate about the appropriate place of Socialism in German society, and its relationship to anarchist terrorism, helped Socialists and others, such as liberals, political Catholics, and national minorities, cement the principles of legal equality and a vigorous public sphere in German political culture. Using a diverse array of primary sources from newspapers and political pamphlets to Reichstag speeches to police reports on anarchist and socialist activity, this book sets the history of Social Democracy within the context of public political debate about democracy, the rule of law, and the appropriate use of state power. Gabriel also places the history of German anarchism in the larger contexts of German history and the history of European socialism, where its importance has often been understated because of the movement's small size and failure to create a long-term mass movement.
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Introduction
When the German Empire (or Kaiserreich) was proclaimed on January 18, 1871, in Versailles’s Hall of Mirrors following the victorious end of the Franco-Prussian War, socialists played only a very small role in German politics. An organized workers’ movement had existed in the German lands for more than a decade, but its origins lay more in the liberal than in the socialist tradition. The fledgling socialist movement in the united German state had deeply alienated itself from the empire’s supporters, including liberal nationalists and the chancellor, Otto von Bismarck (who had orchestrated the wars culminating in German unification) by publicly
Book Chapter
DEBATING THE SOCIALIST LAW
Nine days after the Reichstag decisively voted down Bismarck’s anti-socialist legislation and concluded its session, the majority coalition that had defended equality under the law faced a severe challenge on which it would temporarily founder as the paperedover divisions among National Liberals came back into stark relief and the conservative warnings of imminent revolution gained credibility. On June 2, a second would-be assassin, Dr. Karl Nobiling, fired on the imperial carriage, which the defiant Kaiser Wilhelm had continued to ride along the same route on Unter den Linden as he had been accustomed to do before the attack of May
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