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There are three principle options for future beam based neutrino oscillation facilities that could discover and measure CP-violation in the lepton sector. These are conventional Super-Beams, Neutrino Factories and Beta Beams. Several projects have been taking place world-wide to study examples of these facilities. In Europe, one of the most important of these is the Framework Programme 7 supported project, EUROnu. These projects are in the process of identifying experimental R&D work that must be done before a technical design of the facility can be finalised and construction started. This paper will summarise this work for each type of facility, based largely on what has been done in EUROnu.

With the move towards beam power in the range of 1–10 MW, a thorough understanding of the response of target materials and auxiliary systems to high power densities and intense radiation fields is required. This paper provides insight into three major aspects related to the design and operation of high power solid targets: thermal stresses, coolant performance, and radiation damage. Where appropriate, a figure-of-merit approach is followed to facilitate the comparison between different target or coolant candidates. The section on radiation damage reports total and spatial variations of displacement-per-atom and helium production levels in different target materials.

The properties of the neutrino provide a unique window on physics beyond that described by the standard model. The study of subleading effects in neutrino oscillations, and the race to discover CP-invariance violation in the lepton sector, has begun with the recent discovery that θ13>0 . The measured value of θ13 is large, emphasizing the need for a facility at which the systematic uncertainties can be reduced to the percent level. The neutrino factory, in which intense neutrino beams are produced from the decay of muons, has been shown to outperform all realistic alternatives and to be capable of making measurements of the requisite precision. Its unique discovery potential arises from the fact that only at the neutrino factory is it practical to produce high-energy electron (anti)neutrino beams of the required intensity. This paper presents the conceptual design of the neutrino factory accelerator facility developed by the European Commission Framework Programme 7 EUROν Design Study consortium. EUROν coordinated the European contributions to the International Design Study for the Neutrino Factory (the IDS-NF) collaboration. The EUROν baseline accelerator facility will provide 1021 muon decays per year from 12.6 GeV stored muon beams serving a single neutrino detector situated at a source-detector distance of between 1 500 km and 2 500 km. A suite of near detectors will allow definitive neutrino-scattering experiments to be performed.

The RF distribution system for the super-conducting cavities of the European Spallation Source will be one of the largest systems ever built. It will distribute the power from 146 power sources to the two types of ESS cavity at two different frequencies and will use one line per cavity for resilience. It will consist of a total of around 3.5 km of waveguide and coaxial line and over 1500 hundred bends. It is designed to transport this RF power over a distance of up to 40m per line, while minimising losses, avoiding reflections and allowing the monitoring of performance.

The conceptual design for a nonscaling fixed field alternating gradient accelerator suitable for charged particle therapy (the use of protons and other light ions to treat some forms of cancer) is described.

In a fixed-field alternating-gradient (FFAG) accelerator, eliminating pulsed magnet operation permits rapid acceleration to synchrotron energies, but with a much higher beam-pulse repetition rate. Conceived in the 1950s, FFAGs are enjoying renewed interest, fuelled by the need to rapidly accelerate unstable muons for future high-energy physics colliders. Until now a ‘scaling’ principle has been applied to avoid beam blow-up and loss. Removing this restriction produces a new breed of FFAG, a non-scaling variant, allowing powerful advances in machine characteristics. We report on the first non-scaling FFAG, in which orbits are compacted to within 10 mm in radius over an electron momentum range of 12–18 MeV/c. In this strictly linear-gradient FFAG, unstable beam regions are crossed, but acceleration via a novel serpentine channel is so rapid that no significant beam disruption is observed. This result has significant implications for future particle accelerators, particularly muon and high-intensity proton accelerators. Rapid particle acceleration is possible using a fixed-field alternating-gradient machine—but ‘scaling’ in its design has been necessary to avoid beam blow-up and loss. The demonstration now of acceleration in such a machine without scaling has positive implications for future particle accelerators.

Measurements of the double-differential π ± production cross-section in the range of momentum 100 MeV/c≤p< 800 MeV/c and angle 0.35 rad ≤θ<  2.15 rad in proton–beryllium, proton–aluminium and proton–lead collisions are presented. The data were taken with the HARP detector in the T9 beam line of the CERN PS. The pions were produced by proton beams in a momentum range from 3 GeV/c to 12.9 GeV/c hitting a target with a thickness of 5% of a nuclear interaction length. The tracking and identification of the produced particles was performed using a small-radius cylindrical time projection chamber (TPC) placed inside a solenoidal magnet. Incident particles were identified by an elaborate system of beam detectors. Results are obtained for the double-differential cross-sections d 2 σ/dpdθ at six incident proton beam momenta (3 GeV/c, 5 GeV/c, 8 GeV/c, 8.9 GeV/c (Be only), 12 GeV/c and 12.9 GeV/c (Al only)) and compared to previously available data.

Measurements of the double-differential π± production cross-section in the range of momentum 100 MeV/c≤p< 800 MeV/c and angle 0.35 rad ≤θ< 2.15 rad in proton-beryllium, proton-aluminium and proton-lead collisions are presented. The data were taken with the HARP detector in the T9 beam line of the CERN PS. The pions were produced by proton beams in a momentum range from 3 GeV/c to 12.9 GeV/c hitting a target with a thickness of 5% of a nuclear interaction length. The tracking and identification of the produced particles was performed using a small-radius cylindrical time projection chamber (TPC) placed inside a solenoidal magnet. Incident particles were identified by an elaborate system of beam detectors. Results are obtained for the double-differential cross-sections d2σ/dpdθ at six incident proton beam momenta (3 GeV/c, 5 GeV/c, 8 GeV/c, 8.9 GeV/c (Be only), 12 GeV/c and 12.9 GeV/c (Al only)) and compared to previously available data.

The production rates of \\({\\mathrm{D}}^{*\\pm}\\), \\({\\mathrm{D}}_{\\rm{s}}^{* \\pm}\\), \\({\\mathrm{D}}^{\\pm}\\), \\({\\mathrm{D}}^0 / \\bar{{\\mathrm{D}}}^0\\), \\({\\mathrm{D}}_{\\rm{s}}^{\\pm}\\), and \\(\\Lambda_{\\rm c}^{+}/{\\bar{\\Lambda}}_{\\rm c}^{-}\\) in \\({\\rm Z} \\rightarrow {\\mathrm c} \\bar{{\\mathrm c}}\\) decays are measured using the LEP I data sample recorded by the ALEPH detector. The fractional energy spectrum of the \\({\\mathrm{D}}^{*\\pm}\\) is well described as the sum of three contributions: charm hadronisation, b hadron decays and gluon splitting into a pair of heavy quarks. The probability for a c quark to hadronise into a \\({\\mathrm{D}}^{*+}\\) is found to be \\(f({\\mathrm c} \\to{\\mathrm{D}}^{*+}) = 0.233 \\pm 0.010 \\mathrm{(stat.)} \\pm 0.011\\mathrm{(syst.)}\\). The average fraction of the beam energy carried by \\({\\mathrm{D}}^{*\\pm}\\) mesons in \\({\\rm Z} \\to{\\rm c \\bar c}\\) events is measured to be \\({\\langle X_E ({\\mathrm{D}}^{*\\pm}) \\rangle}_{{\\mathrm c} \\bar{{\\mathrm c}}} =0.4878 \\pm 0.0046 \\mathrm{(stat.)} \\pm 0.0061 \\mathrm{(syst.)}.\\) The \\({\\mathrm{D}}^{*\\pm}\\) energy and the hemisphere mass imbalance distributions are simultaneously used to measure the fraction of hadronic Z decays in which a gluon splits to a \\({\\mathrm c} \\bar{{\\mathrm c}}\\) pair: \\(\\bar{n}_{\\mathrm{g} \\to{\\mathrm c}\\bar{{\\mathrm c}}} = (3.23 \\pm 0.48 \\mathrm{(stat.)} \\pm 0.53 \\mathrm{(syst.)})\\%.\\) The ratio of the Vector/(Vector+Pseudoscalar) production rates in charmed mesons is found to be \\(P_V = 0.595\\pm0.045\\). The fractional decay width of the Z into \\({\\mathrm c}\\bar{{\\mathrm c}}\\) pairs is determined from the sum of the production rates for various weakly decaying charmed states to be \\({\\rm R_c} =0.1738 \\pm 0.0047{\\rm (stat.)} \\pm 0.0116 {\\rm (syst.)}.\\)