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Research methods for sport management
\"Research methods courses have become a compulsory component of most degree programs in sport management. This is the first introductory research methods textbook to focus exclusively on sport management. Through the use of examples, cases and data taken from the real world of sport management it opens up a traditionally dry area of study, helping the student to understand the vital importance of sound methodology in their studies and subsequent professional practice. The book covers the full range of quantitative and qualitative methods across the whole span of the research process, from research design and the literature review to data analysis and report writing. Every chapter contains a range of useful features to aid student learning, including summaries, discussion questions and guides to further resources, as well as examples drawn from contemporary sport around the world. Research Methods for Sport Management is an essential course text for all sport management students and an invaluable reference for any sport management professional involved in operational research\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: Viewpoints on Architecture and Fabrication
Electrospinning has been used for the fabrication of extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking fibrous scaffolds for several decades. Electrospun fibrous scaffolds provide nanoscale/microscale fibrous structures with interconnecting pores, resembling natural ECM in tissues, and showing a high potential to facilitate the formation of artificial functional tissues. In this review, we summarize the fundamental principles of electrospinning processes for generating complex fibrous scaffold geometries that are similar in structural complexity to the ECM of living tissues. Moreover, several approaches for the formation of three-dimensional fibrous scaffolds arranged in hierarchical structures for tissue engineering are also presented.
Journal Article
Estimating Biomass and Canopy Height With LiDAR for Field Crop Breeding
Above-ground biomass (AGB) is a trait with much potential for exploitation within wheat breeding programs and is linked closely to canopy height (CH). However, collecting phenotypic data for AGB and CH within breeding programs is labor intensive, and in the case of AGB, destructive and prone to assessment error. As a result, measuring these traits is seldom a priority for breeders, especially at the early stages of a selection program. LiDAR has been demonstrated as a sensor capable of collecting three-dimensional data from wheat field trials, and potentially suitable for providing objective, non-destructive, high-throughput estimates of AGB and CH for use by wheat breeders. The current study investigates the deployment of a LiDAR system on a ground-based high-throughput phenotyping platform in eight wheat field trials across southern Australia, for the non-destructive estimate of AGB and CH. LiDAR-derived measurements were compared to manual measurements of AGB and CH collected at each site and assessed for their suitability of application within a breeding program. Correlations between AGB and LiDAR Projected Volume (LPV) were generally strong (up to r = 0.86), as were correlations between CH and LiDAR Canopy Height (LCH) (up to r = 0.94). Heritability (H2) of LPV (H2 = 0.32–0.90) was observed to be greater than, or similar to, the heritability of AGB (H2 = 0.12–0.78) for the majority of measurements. A similar level of heritability was observed for LCH (H2 = 0.41–0.98) and CH (H2 = 0.49–0.98). Further to this, measurements of LPV and LCH were shown to be highly repeatable when collected from either the same or opposite direction of travel. LiDAR scans were collected at a rate of 2,400 plots per hour, with the potential to further increase throughput to 7,400 plots per hour. This research demonstrates the capability of LiDAR sensors to collect high-quality, non-destructive, repeatable measurements of AGB and CH suitable for use within both breeding and research programs.
Journal Article
Optimising Genomic Selection in Wheat: Effect of Marker Density, Population Size and Population Structure on Prediction Accuracy
Genomic selection applied to plant breeding enables earlier estimates of a line’s performance and significant reductions in generation interval. Several factors affecting prediction accuracy should be well understood if breeders are to harness genomic selection to its full potential. We used a panel of 10,375 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) lines genotyped with 18,101 SNP markers to investigate the effect and interaction of training set size, population structure and marker density on genomic prediction accuracy. Through assessing the effect of training set size we showed the rate at which prediction accuracy increases is slower beyond approximately 2,000 lines. The structure of the panel was assessed via principal component analysis and K-means clustering, and its effect on prediction accuracy was examined through a novel cross-validation analysis according to the K-means clusters and breeding cohorts. Here we showed that accuracy can be improved by increasing the diversity within the training set, particularly when relatedness between training and validation sets is low. The breeding cohort analysis revealed that traits with higher selection pressure (lower allelic diversity) can be more accurately predicted by including several previous cohorts in the training set. The effect of marker density and its interaction with population structure was assessed for marker subsets containing between 100 and 17,181 markers. This analysis showed that response to increased marker density is largest when using a diverse training set to predict between poorly related material. These findings represent a significant resource for plant breeders and contribute to the collective knowledge on the optimal structure of calibration panels for genomic prediction.
Journal Article
Reducible contributions to quantum electrodynamics in external fields
A
bstract
We consider one-particle reducible (1PR) contributions to QED and scalar QED processes in external fields, at one-loop and two-loop order. We investigate three cases in detail: constant crossed fields, constant magnetic fields, and plane waves. We find that 1PR tadpole contributions in plane waves and constant crossed fields are non-zero, but contribute only divergences to be renormalised away. In constant magnetic fields, on the other hand, tadpole contributions give physical corrections to processes at one loop and beyond. Our calculations are exact in the external fields and we give strong and weak field expansions in the magnetic case.
Journal Article
Osteoclasts in Multiple Myeloma Are Derived from Gr-1+CD11b+Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
Osteoclasts play a key role in the development of cancer-associated osteolytic lesions. The number and activity of osteoclasts are often enhanced by tumors. However, the origin of osteoclasts is unknown. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are one of the pre-metastatic niche components that are induced to expand by tumor cells. Here we show that the MDSCs can differentiate into mature and functional osteoclasts in vitro and in vivo. Inoculation of 5TGM1-GFP myeloma cells into C57BL6/KaLwRij mice led to a significant expansion of MDSCs in blood, spleen, and bone marrow over time. When grown in osteoclastogenic media in vitro, MDSCs from tumor-challenged mice displayed 14 times greater potential to differentiate into mature and functional osteoclasts than those from non-tumor controls. Importantly, MDSCs from tumor-challenged LacZ transgenic mice differentiated into LacZ+osteoclasts in vivo. Furthermore, a significant increase in tumor burden and bone loss accompanied by increased number of osteoclasts was observed in mice co-inoculated with tumor-challenged MDSCs and 5TGM1 cells compared to the control animals received 5TGM1 cells alone. Finally, treatment of MDSCs from myeloma-challenged mice with Zoledronic acid (ZA), a potent inhibitor of bone resorption, inhibited the number of osteoclasts formed in MDSC cultures and the expansion of MDSCs and bone lesions in mice. Collectively, these data provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that tumor-induced MDSCs exacerbate cancer-associated bone destruction by directly serving as osteoclast precursors.
Journal Article
Advances in osteoclast biology: old findings and new insights from mouse models
The use of genetically modified animal models has helped to identify the crucial factors involved in the differentiation and function of osteoclasts. This Review discusses the main observations in osteoclast biology derived from animal models, and outlines the osteoclast-targeted therapies that have developed from these studies.
The maintenance of adequate bone mass is dependent upon the controlled and timely removal of old, damaged bone. This complex process is performed by the highly specialized, multinucleated osteoclast. Over the past 15 years, a detailed picture has emerged describing the origins, differentiation pathways and activation stages that contribute to normal osteoclast function. This information has primarily been obtained by the development and skeletal analysis of genetically modified mouse models. Mice harboring mutations in specific genetic loci exhibit bone defects as a direct result of aberrations in normal osteoclast recruitment, formation or function. These findings include the identification of the RANK–RANKL–OPG system as a primary mediator of osteoclastogenesis, the characterization of ion transport and cellular attachment mechanisms and the recognition that matrix-degrading enzymes are essential components of resorptive activity. This Review focuses on the principal observations in osteoclast biology derived from genetic mouse models, and highlights emerging concepts that describe how the osteoclast is thought to contribute to the maintenance of adequate bone mass and integrity throughout life.
Key Points
RANK–RANKL–OPG signaling is an important mediator of osteoclast differentiation
Transcriptional regulation of osteoclast formation involves NFκB and NFATc1
Osteoclast attachment to the bone surface is necessary for resorption to proceed
Osteoclast activity is dependent upon effective ion transport across the cell membrane
Matrix-degrading enzymes are essential for effective breakdown of organic bone
Osteoclast-targeted therapies are the first-line treatment for excessive bone loss
Journal Article
Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys Promote Angio‐Osteogenesis to Enhance Bone Repair
Biodegradable metallic materials represent a potential step‐change technology that may revolutionize the treatment of broken bones. Implants made with biodegradable metals are significantly stronger than their polymer counterparts and fully biodegradable in vivo, removing the need for secondary surgery or long‐term complications. Here, it is shown how clinically approved Mg alloy promotes improved bone repair using an integrated state of the art fetal mouse metatarsal assay coupled with in vivo preclinical studies, second harmonic generation, secretome array analysis, perfusion bioreactor, and high‐resolution 3D confocal imaging of vasculature within skeletal tissue, to reveal a vascular‐mediated pro‐osteogenic mechanism controlling enhanced tissue regeneration. The optimized mechanical properties and corrosion rate of the Mg alloy lead to a controlled release of metallic Mg, Ca, and Zn ions at a rate that facilitates both angiogenesis and coupled osteogenesis for better bone healing, without causing adverse effects at the implantation site. The findings from this study support ongoing development and refinement of biodegradable metal systems to act as crucial portal technologies with significant potential to improve many clinical applications. An integrated state‐of‐the‐art in vivo and in vitro approach reveals clinically approved Mg5Ca1Zn samples stimulate accelerated bone healing by releasing anabolic metallic ions into the surrounding tissues to enhance the growth of type H blood vessels, which localize at active sites of bone remodeling and actively recruit Osterix‐positive osteoprogenitors to the degrading implant site.
Journal Article
Non-commutativity in polar coordinates
We reconsider the fundamental commutation relations for non-commutative
R
2
described in polar coordinates with non-commutativity parameter
θ
. Previous analysis found that the natural transition from Cartesian coordinates to the traditional polar system led to a representation of
[
r
^
,
φ
^
]
as an everywhere diverging series. In this article we compute the Borel resummation of this series, showing that it can subsequently be extended throughout parameter space and hence provide an interpretation of this commutator. Our analysis provides a complete solution for arbitrary
r
and
θ
that reproduces the earlier calculations at lowest order and benefits from being generally applicable to problems in a two-dimensional non-commutative space. We compare our results to previous literature in the (pseudo-)commuting limit, finding a surprising spatial dependence for the coordinate commutator when
θ
≫
r
2
. Finally, we raise some questions for future study in light of this progress.
Journal Article