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"Edwards, Laura"
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Extensive dynamic thinning on the margins of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets
Calculating on thin ice
Mass loss from marginal glaciers along the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets is known to be contributing to sea-level rise but the precise magnitude and mechanisms are unclear, making it difficult to predict its potential future contribution to sea level. Surface mass loss is certainly a factor. Ice loss from faster glacier flow — called dynamical thinning — has been more difficult to pin down. High-resolution satellite altimetry measurements now show that dynamical thinning is far more important and extensive than previously thought, especially at ocean margins.
Mass loss from the glaciers along the margins of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets is increasingly contributing to sea level rise. However, ice loss as a result of accelerated flow, known as dynamic thinning, is so poorly understood that its potential future contribution to sea level remains unpredictable. Here, high-resolution laser altimetry is used to map changes along these ocean margins; the results show that dynamic thinning is more important and extensive than previously thought.
Many glaciers along the margins of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are accelerating and, for this reason, contribute increasingly to global sea-level rise
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,
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. Globally, ice losses contribute ∼1.8 mm yr
-1
(ref.
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), but this could increase if the retreat of ice shelves and tidewater glaciers further enhances the loss of grounded ice
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or initiates the large-scale collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheets
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. Ice loss as a result of accelerated flow, known as dynamic thinning, is so poorly understood that its potential contribution to sea level over the twenty-first century remains unpredictable
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. Thinning on the ice-sheet scale has been monitored by using repeat satellite altimetry observations to track small changes in surface elevation, but previous sensors could not resolve most fast-flowing coastal glaciers
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. Here we report the use of high-resolution ICESat (Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite) laser altimetry to map change along the entire grounded margins of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. To isolate the dynamic signal, we compare rates of elevation change from both fast-flowing and slow-flowing ice with those expected from surface mass-balance fluctuations. We find that dynamic thinning of glaciers now reaches all latitudes in Greenland, has intensified on key Antarctic grounding lines, has endured for decades after ice-shelf collapse, penetrates far into the interior of each ice sheet and is spreading as ice shelves thin by ocean-driven melt. In Greenland, glaciers flowing faster than 100 m yr
-1
thinned at an average rate of 0.84 m yr
-1
, and in the Amundsen Sea embayment of Antarctica, thinning exceeded 9.0 m yr
-1
for some glaciers. Our results show that the most profound changes in the ice sheets currently result from glacier dynamics at ocean margins.
Journal Article
Women’s Property and the Downward Spiral into Fraud: Questioning the Persistent Narrative of Progress in Women’s Legal Status
This article challenges the narratives that we tell ourselves about women’s history in the nineteenth century, particularly narratives that celebrate progress in the legal status of women, based on the acquisition of rights. As it shows, legal changes in the nineteenth century lumped all women into an artificially reductive category “women,” separated them from their families’ property, and turned those claims into something so problematic that they were linked to fraud. By the end of the nineteenth century, it was difficult to imagine that family property to which women contributed all their lives might actually belong to them. The article focuses on white women of considerable means. But the point is that the problematic legal category “women” not only compromised all women’s legal claims to property, but also obscured other, important social and legal differences—including those of race and class—among them.
Journal Article
Anna Haugh's Irish kitchen : modern home cooking with Irish heart
\"For Anna Haugh, cooking is in her bones and sharing is in her nature. In this, her debut cookbook, she shares her favorite dishes inspired by her Irish upbringing and her illustrious career in top kitchens in Dublin and London. Knowing full-well the reality of juggling busy family life and work, Anna shares mouth-watering recipes that are as straightforward as they are delicious. You'll find easy-to-prepare weeknight dinners that don't use every pot and pan in the house, and recipes for when you have some time and want to push the boat out; there's plenty in these pages to inspire you. And along the way, Anna share her tricks of the trade to level up flavor and bring casual elegance to simple cooking with Irish heart.\"--Back cover.
BOOK
Sensitivity to ocean acidification parallels natural pCO₂ gradients experienced by Arctic copepods under winter sea ice
The Arctic Ocean already experiences areas of low pH and high CO ₂, and it is expected to be most rapidly affected by future ocean acidification (OA). Copepods comprise the dominant Arctic zooplankton; hence, their responses to OA have important implications for Arctic ecosystems, yet there is little data on their current under-ice winter ecology on which to base future monitoring or make predictions about climate-induced change. Here, we report results from Arctic under-ice investigations of copepod natural distributions associated with late-winter carbonate chemistry environmental data and their response to manipulated pCO ₂ conditions (OA exposures). Our data reveal that species and life stage sensitivities to manipulated OA conditions were correlated with their vertical migration behavior and with their natural exposures to different pCO ₂ ranges. Vertically migrating adult Calanus spp. crossed a pCO ₂ range of >140 μatm daily and showed only minor responses to manipulated high CO ₂. Oithona similis , which remained in the surface waters and experienced a pCO ₂ range of <75 μatm, showed significantly reduced adult and nauplii survival in high CO ₂ experiments. These results support the relatively untested hypothesis that the natural range of pCO ₂ experienced by an organism determines its sensitivity to future OA and highlight that the globally important copepod species, Oithona spp., may be more sensitive to future high pCO ₂ conditions compared with the more widely studied larger copepods.
Journal Article
Nationality and statelessness under international law
\"Written by leading experts, Nationality and Statelessness under International Law introduces the study and practice of 'international statelessness law' and explains the complex relationship between the international law on nationality and the phenomenon of statelessness. It also identifies the rights of stateless people, outlines the major legal obstacles preventing the eradication of statelessness and charts a course for this new and rapidly changing field of study\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Glacier change and glacial lake outburst flood risk in the Bolivian Andes
Glaciers of the Bolivian Andes represent an important water resource for Andean cities and mountain communities, yet relatively little work has assessed changes in their extent over recent decades. In many mountain regions, glacier recession has been accompanied by the development of proglacial lakes, which can pose a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) hazard. However, no studies have assessed the development of such lakes in Bolivia despite recent GLOF incidents here. Our mapping from satellite imagery reveals an overall areal shrinkage of 228.1 ± 22.8 km2 (43.1 %) across the Bolivian Cordillera Oriental between 1986 and 2014. Shrinkage was greatest in the Tres Cruces region (47.3 %), followed by the Cordillera Apolobamba (43.1 %) and Cordillera Real (41.9 %). A growing number of proglacial lakes have developed as glaciers have receded, in accordance with trends in most other deglaciating mountain ranges, although the number of ice-contact lakes has decreased. The reasons for this are unclear, but the pattern of lake change has varied significantly throughout the study period, suggesting that monitoring of future lake development is required as ice continues to recede. Ultimately, we use our 2014 database of proglacial lakes to assess GLOF risk across the Bolivian Andes. We identify 25 lakes that pose a potential GLOF threat to downstream communities and infrastructure. We suggest that further studies of potential GLOF impacts are urgently required.
Journal Article
River Cottage gluten free
Gluten is found in an extraordinary number of foods, yet it can be problematic for so many of us. Whether you need to cut gluten out of your diet or you're cooking for friends and family with gluten intolerance, River Cottage Gluten Free will provide the tools you need to gain inspiration and navigate mealtimes. Nutrition expert Naomi Devlin gives clear advice for gluten-free eating - including detailed guidance on alternative flours, methods of fermentation and delicious baking ideas. She offers 120 ingenious recipes for breakfasts, bread, pastry, soups, salads, snacks, main meals and puddings, including Prosciutto and egg muffins, Blinis with crلeme fraمiche and smoked salmon, Leek and bacon quiche, Courgette hummus, Blackberry bakewell tart, Luscious lemon cake and Chocolate fondants. With an introduction by Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall and helpful tips from Naomi throughout, this definitive gluten-free cookbook will add fresh vitality to your cooking and eating, and a host of recipes to make you feel great.
Book
Redirecting antibody responses from egg-adapted epitopes following repeat vaccination with recombinant or cell culture-based versus egg-based influenza vaccines
Repeat vaccination with egg-based influenza vaccines could preferentially boost antibodies targeting the egg-adapted epitopes and reduce immunogenicity to circulating viruses. In this randomized trial (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03722589), sera pre- and post-vaccination with quadrivalent inactivated egg-based (IIV4), cell culture-based (ccIIV4), and recombinant (RIV4) influenza vaccines were collected from healthcare personnel (18-64 years) in 2018−19 (
N
= 723) and 2019−20 (
N
= 684) influenza seasons. We performed an exploratory analysis. Vaccine egg-adapted changes had the most impact on A(H3N2) immunogenicity. In year 1, RIV4 induced higher neutralizing and total HA head binding antibodies to cell- A(H3N2) virus than ccIIV4 and IIV4. In year 2, among the 7 repeat vaccination arms (IIV4-IIV4, IIV4-ccIIV4, IIV4-RIV4, RIV4-ccIIV4, RIV4-RIV4, ccIIV4-ccIIV4 and ccIIV4-RIV4), repeat vaccination with either RIV4 or ccIIV4 further improved antibody responses to circulating viruses with decreased neutralizing antibody egg/cell ratio. RIV4 also had higher post-vaccination A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) HA stalk antibodies in year 1, but there was no significant difference in HA stalk antibody fold rise among vaccine groups in either year 1 or year 2. Multiple seasons of non-egg-based vaccination may be needed to redirect antibody responses from immune memory to egg-adapted epitopes and re-focus the immune responses towards epitopes on the circulating viruses to improve vaccine effectiveness.
Here the authors report an exploratory analysis of a clinical trial that tested different influenza virus vaccination platforms. The results show that multiple seasons of recombinant or cell-based influenza vaccinations may be needed to redirect antibody responses away from immune memory to egg-adapted epitopes and refocus on epitopes on the circulating viruses.
Journal Article