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Range Expansion of Green Treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) in Southern Illinois: No Evidence of Parasite Release
For several decades, green treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) have been undergoing rapid range expansion northward and eastward in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky. While range expansion of green treefrogs in these states may be linked to climate change, a recent study suggested this expansion could be facilitated by parasites, given that expanded range populations of green treefrogs from Kentucky and Indiana exhibited significant decreases in helminth species diversity compared to those examined from historical locations of Kentucky. Because rapid range expansion may lead to hosts escaping their parasites (= parasite release), a reprieve from parasitic infection could allocate additional resources to growth and reproduction and thus facilitate the expansion. The present study compares patterns of helminth diversity for green treefrogs from historical and 2 types (early and late expansion) of expanded range locations of southern Illinois to test whether these range-expansion populations are also experiencing a reduction in parasitism due to parasite release. The results of this study did not find significant differences in helminth diversity when helminth communities of green treefrogs from their historical and expanded ranges were compared. These results appear to downplay the putative role of parasite release in the northward range expansion of H. cinerea in Illinois. Studies are underway to determine whether local factors, including abiotic conditions and amphibian host diversity, play a more prominent role in influencing helminth diversity of green treefrogs.
Journal Article
Rote-Meto Comparative Dictionary
This comparative dictionary provides a bottom-up reconstruction
of the Rote‑Meto languages of western Timor. Rote-Meto is one
low-level Austronesian subgroup of eastern Indonesia/Timor-Leste.
It contains 1,174 reconstructions to Proto-Rote-Meto (or a lower
node) with supporting evidence from the modern Rote-Meto languages.
These reconstructions are accompanied by information on how they
relate to forms in other languages including
Proto‑Malayo‑Polynesian etyma (where known) and/or out-comparisons
to putative cognates in other languages of the region. The
dictionary also contains two finder-lists: English to Rote-Meto,
and Austronesian reconstructions with Rote-Meto reflexes. The
dictionary is preceded by three introductory chapters. The first
chapter contains a guide to using the dictionary as well as
discussion of the data sources. The second chapter provides a short
synchronic overview of the Rote-Meto langauges. The third chapter
discusses the historical background of Rote-Meto. This includes
sound correspondences, the internal subgrouping of the Rote-Meto
family, and the position of Rote-Meto within Malayo-Polynesian more
broadly.
eBook
Expanding universe : photographs from the Hubble space telescope
On the 25th anniversary of the Hubble Telescope first being launched into low earth orbit, TASCHEN brings together some of its most breathtaking deep space images. Hubble's orbit outside the Earth's atmosphere allows it to take extremely high-resolution images with almost no background light. Its acute observations have answered some of the most compelling questions of time and space, and simultaneously revealed whole new mysteries, like the strange \"dark energy\" that sees the universe expanding at an ever-accelerated rate. With investigations into everything from black holes to exoplanets, Hubble has changed not only the face of astronomy, but also our very sense of being in the universe.
Book
Genomic and Morphological Evidence Support Contemporary Three‐Way Interspecific Hybridization in Ranid Frogs
Hybridization is increasingly understood as common throughout and beyond the speciation process, rather than an anomaly. Sympatric taxa are expected to exhibit strong reproductive isolation, and although hybridization may occur, it often results in inviable offspring. We investigated hybridization among three ranid frogs (Rana areolata, R. palustris, and R. sphenocephala) in eastern Oklahoma, where their distributions and breeding phenology overlap. Using micro‐CT scans of cranial morphology, genomic SNP data, and phenological records, we confirmed two putative hybrids collected in the field—remarkable given the phylogenetic distance between these non‐sister taxa. Genomic data show split ancestry from parental populations, representing one R. areolata × R. palustris and one R. areolata × R. sphenocephala. Cranial morphology indicates hybrids exhibit intermediate phenotypes, and our assessment identified a third likely hybrid, a specimen collected two decades earlier from the same area. Both confirmed hybrids were R. areolata backcrosses, but minimal introgression throughout the dataset suggests hybrid fitness may be lower than that of parental populations. Hybridization appears facilitated by overlapping breeding strategies and ecological factors leading to misdirected amplexus. This study provides the first documentation of natural hybridization in R. areolata, a species of conservation concern throughout its range. Our findings emphasize the utility of high‐resolution morphological data (micro‐CT) in complementing genomic approaches for hybrid diagnosis and suggest cranial morphology may be an effective method for hybrid identification in similar systems. Understanding this atypical three‐species hybridization has important implications for conservation, as hybrid fitness and introgression can influence population dynamics and genetic integrity. We investigated natural hybridization among three rapid frogs in eastern Oklahoma. Using genomic SNP data and cranial morphometrics, we confirmed the presence of hybrids exhibiting intermediate traits. Despite overlapping breeding phenologies, minimal introgression suggests hybrid fitness may be considerably lower than that of parental populations.
Journal Article
Reintroducing Welaun
In this article I provide an overview of Welaun, an Austronesian language of central Timor. Despite previous documentation, Welaun is mostly unknown to the scientific community. Based on data gathered during original fieldwork, I show that Welaun is a distinct language according to both linguistic and social criteria. I investigate the historical phonology of Welaun and show that it, Kemak, Tokodede, and Mambae form a Central Timor subgroup apart from other languages of the region. I also provide an initial description of the phonology and morphology of Welaun along with a glossed text and two wordlists.
Journal Article
Parallel Histories in Rote-Meto
I make a bottom-up reconstruction of the historical phonology and a portion of the lexicon of the Rote-Meto languages of western Timor. The regular sound correspondences of these languages necessitate reconstruction to Proto-Rote-Meto of a large amount of material that cannot be fully explained by Austronesian inheritance. The nature of this material indicates that it is substrate retention from pre-Austronesian languages of the region. This substrate can be detected by application of the comparative method alone. The bottom-up reconstruction also provides evidence for subgrouping Meto with both West Rote and East Rote and I propose that this is because Meto has shared a period of common development with both groups that involves a synthesis of the tree model and wave model of historical linguistics.
Journal Article
Epenthetic and Contrastive Glottal Stops in Amarasi
I present an analysis of prevocalic initial glottal stops in Amarasi. A range of morphological and phonological evidence shows that a unitary analysis of such glottal stops is not possible: some morphemes occur with an epenthetic initial glottal stop, while other morphemes occur with a contrastive initial glottal stop. This is consistent with the historical data, which show that some glottal stops have developed from an earlier consonant while others are historic insertions. Despite the difference between epenthetic and contrastive glottal stops in Amarasi, there are only a few instances in which the data are unambiguous. In most cases, the status of a particular glottal stop has not yet been determined.
Journal Article
Parallel Sound Correspondences in Uab Meto
Two parallel sets of sound correspondences are attested in the historical phonology of the Uab Meto (also known as Dawan[ese], Timorese, Atoni) language/dialect cluster. A top-down approach to the data reveals one set of regular sound correspondences in reflexes of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian lexemes, while a bottom-up approach to the data reveals another set of regular correspondences in lexemes for which no Malayo-Polynesian origin has yet been found. I examine each set of sound correspondences in detail and propose a framework for addressing the apparently contradictory data.
Journal Article