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"Edwards, S."
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The role of personal data value, culture and self-construal in online privacy behaviour
Personal data is ubiquitous in the digital world, can be highly valuable in aggregate, and can lead to unintended intrusions for the data creator. However, individuals’ expressions of concern about exposure of their personal information are generally not matched by their behavioural caution. One reason for this mismatch could be the varied and intangible value of personal data. We present three studies investigating the potential association between personal data value and privacy behaviour, assessing both individual and cross-cultural differences in personal data valuation, comparing collectivist and individualistic cultures. Study 1a, using a representative UK sample, found no relationship between personal data value and privacy behaviour. However, Study 1b found Indian (collectivist) participants’ privacy behaviour was sensitive to personal data value, unlike US (individualist) participants. Study 2 showed that in a UK sample, privacy behaviour was sensitive to personal data value but only for individuals who think of themselves as more similar to others (i.e., self-construe as similar, rather than different). We suggest those who prioritise group memberships are more sensitive to unintentional disclosure harm and therefore behave in accordance with personal data valuations—which informs the privacy concern-behaviour relationship. Our findings can suggest approaches to encourage privacy behaviours.
Journal Article
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein predicted to form complexes with host receptor protein orthologues from a broad range of mammals
SARS-CoV-2 has a zoonotic origin and was transmitted to humans via an undetermined intermediate host, leading to infections in humans and other mammals. To enter host cells, the viral spike protein (S-protein) binds to its receptor, ACE2, and is then processed by TMPRSS2. Whilst receptor binding contributes to the viral host range, S-protein:ACE2 complexes from other animals have not been investigated widely. To predict infection risks, we modelled S-protein:ACE2 complexes from 215 vertebrate species, calculated changes in the energy of the complex caused by mutations in each species, relative to human ACE2, and correlated these changes with COVID-19 infection data. We also analysed structural interactions to better understand the key residues contributing to affinity. We predict that mutations are more detrimental in ACE2 than TMPRSS2. Finally, we demonstrate phylogenetically that human SARS-CoV-2 strains have been isolated in animals. Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 can infect a broad range of mammals, but few fish, birds or reptiles. Susceptible animals could serve as reservoirs of the virus, necessitating careful ongoing animal management and surveillance.
Journal Article
Production of hydrogen from domestic wastewater in a pilot-scale microbial electrolysis cell
Addressing the need to recover energy from the treatment of domestic wastewater, a 120-L microbial electrolysis cell was operated on site in Northern England, using raw domestic wastewater to produce virtually pure hydrogen gas (100 ± 6.4 %) for a period of over 3 months. The volumetric loading rate was 0.14 kg of chemical oxygen demand (COD) per cubic metre per day, just below the typical loading rates for activated sludge of 0.2–2 kg COD m
−3
day
−1
, at an energetic cost of 2.3 kJ/g COD, which is below the values for activated sludge 2.5–7.2 kJ/g COD. The reactor produced an equivalent of 0.015 L H
2
L
−1
day
−1
, and recovered around 70 % of the electrical energy input with a coulombic efficiency of 55 %. Although the reactor did not reach the breakeven point of 100 % electrical energy recovery and COD removal was limited, improved hydrogen capture and reactor design could increase the performance levels substantially. Importantly, for the first time, a ‘proof of concept’ has been made, showing that this technology is capable of energy capture as hydrogen gas from low strength domestic wastewaters at ambient temperatures.
Journal Article
CT scatter spectra transmission data of 80, 100, 120 and 140 kVp primary beams for various shielding materials
The shielding of computed tomography (CT) suites has commonly relied on the assumption that the primary beam has the same beam quality and thus penetrability as the scattered radiation. This report expands on a preliminary work that showed scattered radiation from patients having an overall reduced beam quality, with published transmission data for 120 kVp and 140 kVp through lead. Beam quality data of patient scatter spectra for 80 kVp and 100 kVp are uniquely provided herein using the same methodology, expanding the diagnostic energy range. The mean energy of scatter radiation spectra across this 80–140 kVp diagnostic range was found to have a reduction of 13.4–17.9% compared to a primary beam with a defined 9.8 mm Al added filtration. A DOSXYZnrc Monte Carlo program using the EGSnrc photon and electron transport code was subsequently used to simulate the transmission of scattered spectra of all 80, 100, 120 and 140 kVp beams through various commonly used shielding materials, including lead, concrete, steel, plate glass and gypsum wallboard. Transmission data and Archer fitting coefficients for this scattered radiation were calculated and show a reduction in transmission over the range of practical shielding thicknesses for these materials. Transmission through lead was significantly reduced in comparison to the National Council of Radiological Protection (NCRP) and British Institute of Radiology (BIR) methodologies using primary beam spectra, with transmissions reduced between 40.4 and 63.9% for 120 kVp and between 38.1 and 42% for 140 kVp beams over a 0.44–2.64 mm thickness range. The use of CT scatter spectra and their resultant transmission data is recommended for optimal shielding design.
Journal Article
Social orienting in gaze leading: a mechanism for shared attention
Here, we report a novel social orienting response that occurs after viewing averted gaze. We show, in three experiments, that when a person looks from one location to an object, attention then shifts towards the face of an individual who has subsequently followed the person's gaze to that same object. That is, contrary to ‘gaze following’, attention instead orients in the opposite direction to observed gaze and towards the gazing face. The magnitude of attentional orienting towards a face that ‘follows’ the participant's gaze is also associated with self-reported autism-like traits. We propose that this gaze leading phenomenon implies the existence of a mechanism in the human social cognitive system for detecting when one's gaze has been followed, in order to establish ‘shared attention’ and maintain the ongoing interaction.
Journal Article