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At the beginning of the second settlement a change that we can define as a ‘breaking point’ takes place in Trojan indigenous cultural development. Behind this change must lie, to a great extent, the intensification of Troy's cultural and economic relations with the interior of Anatolia and beyond (north Syria and Mesopotamia). This change is archaeologically most evident in the pottery; the potter's wheel is introduced to Troy IIb along with new forms and wares. For a long time it has been widely accepted that the wheel – in use in north Syria and Cilicia since the Late Chalcolithic period – became known in the interior of western Anatolia only after its appearance at Troy, and there has been a general consensus that the potter's wheel and other Mesopotamian influences reached Troy through maritime trade from Cilicia westward and northward along the Anatolian coastline. The author, on the other hand, as early as the mid 1980s, had begun to defend the thesis that Trojan-Cilician relations were established over inland western Anatolia, rather than by sea. Here again he deals with the subject, now strengthened by new evidence that continues to come to light from recent investigations and excavations within western Anatolia – most especially that from Küllüoba, where excavation has been continuing under the author's auspices since 1996. The author now goes one step further to define this overland route between Cilicia and the north Aegean as the ‘Great Caravan Route’. II.Yerleşmenin başlarında, Troya'nın yerel kültürel gelişiminde ‘kırılma noktası’ olarak nitelendirebileceğimiz bir değişim gerçekleşir. Bu değişimin gerisinde, esas itibariyle Troya'nın ilk defa yoğun bir şekilde Anadolu içleri ve gerisindeki bölgelerle (Kuzey Suriye ve Mezopotamya) kültürel ve ticari ilişkiler kurması yatmış olmalıdır. Bu değişiklik özellikle çanak çömlekte izlenir ve buna paralel olarak Troya'da (IIb katı) çömlekçi çarkı da ilk defa kullanılmaya başlanır. Çarkın iç Batı ve Orta Anadolu'da Troya'dakinden daha sonra ortaya çıktığı kabul edildiğinden; Kilikya bölgesinde ve Kuzey Suriye'de Geç Kalkolitik'ten beri kullanıldığının bilinmesinden dolayı, Mezopotamya etkilerinin Kilikya üzerinden Akdeniz ve Ege sahilleri boyunca, Troya'ya ulaşmiş olabileceği fikri hemen hemen herkes tarafından kabul görmekteydi. Yazar ise 1980'li yılların ortalarında, söz konusu ilişkilerin, deniz yolundan ziyade, iç Batı Anadolu üzerinden kurulmuş olabileceği tezini ortaya atmış ve bunu günümüze kadar da savunagelmiştir. İşte Yazar, son senelerde Batı Anadolu'da yapılan kazı ve araştırmalar ve özellikle kendisinin başkanlığında 1996 yılından beri kazılmakta olan Küllüoba kazıları sonucunda ele edilen bazı yeni somut verilerle, konuyu burada tekrar ele almaktadır ve bir adım daha ileri giderek, Troya-Kilikya ilişkilerinin gerçekleştiğini düşündüğü bu kara ulaşım yolunu ‘Büyük Kervan Yolu’ olarak tanımlamaktadır.

The late Early Bronze III pottery from Bahçehisar (Kandilli) presented here was collected during a surface survey of the region. This group not only supplies a missing link in the pottery sequence of the Eskişehir Plain, but also can be correlated with pottery from central Anatolia dating to the Transitional period. The relationship between the Bahçehisar material and the earlier EBA material from the plain is discussed, and a relative chronology established through correlations with the sequences at Troy, Beycesultan, Gordion-Polath, and Boğazköy. Toward the end of the Early Bronze Age, inland western Anatolia (which had been culturally integrated with the whole of western Anatolia throughout the earlier phases of the EBA) reoriented itself, gradually loosening its bonds with the western coastal region and forming a union with central Anatolia. The material evidence suggests that inland western Anatolia played a significant role in the formation of this new cultural unit, which was to prove critical in the subsequent rise of Hittite art and culture within the same geographical region.

The twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth programmes at Aphrodisias conformed to the usual patterns of restoration, conservation and limited excavations.

Background and Aims: Ornidazole, a nitroimidazole antibiotic, is widely used for protozoal and anaerobic infections and is generally considered safe. However, ornidazole-induced liver injury (OILI) is an underrecognized yet potentially severe adverse reaction. This multicenter study aims to characterize the clinical features, histopathology, and outcomes of OILI to improve the awareness and management of this rare entity worldwide. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 101 patients with OILI from eight tertiary centers between 2006 and 2023. Cases were included based on liver enzyme elevations temporally linked to ornidazole and the exclusion of other causes. Causality was assessed using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) score. Clinical data, laboratory parameters, autoantibody profiles, histology, treatments, and outcomes were evaluated. Results: OILI was classified as highly probable in 42.6% of cases (n = 43), probable in 51.5% of cases (n = 52), and possible in 5.9% (n = 6) of cases. The predominant pattern was acute hepatocellular injury (83.2%) (n = 84). Autoimmune-like hepatitis occurred in 5% of cases (n = 5), with ANA positivity in 16.8% of cases (n = 17). Corticosteroids were used in 24.8% of cases (n = 25) and were associated with higher ANA positivity and a 20% (n = 5) relapse rate post-discontinuation. Recovery was achieved in 87.7% of cases (n = 88), while 7.9% of cases (n = 8) required liver transplantation and 4% (n = 4) died. Conclusions: Ornidazole can cause serious idiosyncratic liver injury, including autoimmune phenotypes, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute hepatitis. Given the notable risk of liver failure and death, early recognition, drug discontinuation, and close monitoring are essential. In select cases, corticosteroids and plasmapheresis may be beneficial, though the evidence remains limited.

This study aimed to generate an explanatory framework to obtain a more detailed understanding of the experiences of parents of children with cancer during ED visits. A grounded theory approach was used for the present study. Semistructured format interviews were conducted with 12 parents of children with cancer. Data collection and generation were managed simultaneously for analysis. The qualitative data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding. The core category summarizes parents’ concerns and fears about their child’s health. The core category was identified as “I feel like my child’s health is hanging by a thread.” Four main categories with related subcategories were developed that revealed the experiences of parents of children with cancer: “Focusing on the specific conditions of childhood cancer,” “Expectation of healing care behaviors,” “Reflections of the ED visit on the parents and children,” and “Implementing family-centered emergency care.” The study developed a grounded theory that provides a guideline for the pediatric emergency team on the priority issues in the care of pediatric oncology patients and the importance of the care approach for parents. Parents emphasized that their children’s health was vulnerable, and they needed resources created by the supportive care practice to create an optimal healing environment in the pediatric emergency department.

Granulocytic sarcoma (GS) is an extramedullary accumulation of proliferating myeloblasts, most commonly seen in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but rarely associated with chronic myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, or myeloproliferative neoplasms. The skin is the most frequent site of extramedullary relapse, followed by the mediastinum, gingiva, ear, lymph nodes, central nervous system, and testis. We report a case of a 38‐year‐old female who presented to our clinic with abnormal vaginal bleeding. She had a history of bone marrow transplantation 5 years ago for AML. Based on clinical suspicion, a cervical biopsy was performed, which confirmed the diagnosis of GS. Although GS involving the female reproductive tract is rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of abnormal gynecologic symptoms in patients with a history of AML.

Tumor extracellular matrices (ECM) exhibit aberrant changes in composition and mechanics compared to normal tissues. Proteoglycans (PG) are vital regulators of cellular signaling in the ECM with the ability to modulate receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation via their sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) side chains. However, their role on tumor cell behavior is controversial. Here, it is demonstrated that PGs are heavily expressed in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients in correlation with invasive phenotype and poor prognosis. A bioengineered human lung tumor model that recapitulates the increase of sGAGs in tumors in an organotypic matrix with independent control of stiffness, viscoelasticity, ligand density, and porosity, is developed. This model reveals that increased sulfation stimulates extensive proliferation, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), and stemness in cancer cells. The focal adhesion kinase (FAK)‐phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) signaling axis is identified as a mediator of sulfation‐induced molecular changes in cells upon activation of a distinct set of RTKs within tumor‐mimetic hydrogels. The study shows that the transcriptomic landscape of tumor cells in response to increased sulfation resembles native PG‐rich patient tumors by employing integrative omics and network modeling approaches. This study presents a bioengineered human lung tumor model which reveals that increased sulfated glycosaminoglycan content in the tumor extracellular matrix promotes cellular growth, invasiveness, and stemness. Sulfation‐induced effects are mediated via activation of receptor tyrosine kinases and the focal adhesion kinase (FAK)‐phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) signaling axis. Transcriptomic analyses demonstrate close resemblance of tumor‐mimetic models to patient profiles.