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"Eid, Mahmoud"
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Development and Enhancement of PCF-based Sensors for Terahertz-frequency Region Breast Cancer Cell Detection
In today’s medical research, breast cancer is a severe problem, so it is imperative to develop a reliable and efficient approach for identifying cancerous breast cells. PCF, with its exceptional sense-making abilities, simplifies and distinguishes that procedure. The research presents a unique structural hybrid PCF for detecting breast cancer cells using sensors based on PCF that are specifically built for the terahertz-frequency range. The improvement in sensor sensitivity and specificity in identifying cancer cells at these frequencies is a notable progress compared to conventional approaches, which could potentially result in earlier and more precise diagnosis. In our analysis, we discovered the most common malignancies in breast cancer. We investigate the features of the cancerous cell detector using the COMSOL-Multiphysics 5.6 software. This PCF detector achieves a Confinement Loss of 4.75 × 10
−12
and 3.42 × 10
−13
dB/m for Type-1 and Type-2 cancer cells, respectively, at 1.2 THz, as well as about 99.946% and 99.969% relative sensitivity. This sensor ensures the highest level of sensitivity for the identification of cancerous breast cells. This sensor’s physical architecture is quite straightforward, making it simple to build using current manufacturing techniques. Therefore, it seems that this sensor will pave a new path for identifying and treating cancerous cells.
Journal Article
Highly Sensitive Twin Resonance Coupling Refractive Index Sensor Based on Gold- and MgF2-Coated Nano Metal Films
A plasmonic material-coated circular-shaped photonic crystal fiber (C-PCF) sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is proposed to explore the optical guiding performance of the refractive index (RI) sensing at 1.7–3.7 μm. A twin resonance coupling profile is observed by selectively infiltrating liquid using finite element method (FEM). A nano-ring gold layer with a magnesium fluoride (MgF2) coating and fused silica are used as plasmonic and base material, respectively, that help to achieve maximum sensing performance. RI analytes are highly sensitive to SPR and are injected into the outmost air holes of the cladding. The highest sensitivity of 27,958.49 nm/RIU, birefringence of 3.9 × 10−4, resolution of 3.70094 × 10−5 RIU, and transmittance dip of −34 dB are achieved. The proposed work is a purely numerical simulation with proper optimization. The value of optimization has been referred to with an experimental tolerance value, but at the same time it has been ensured that it is not fabricated and tested. In summary, the explored C-PCF can widely be eligible for RI-based sensing applications for its excellent performance, which makes it a solid candidate for next generation biosensing applications.
Journal Article
Optical Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor for the Detection of the Various Kind of Cancerous Cell
This research explores a novel biosensor design that exhibits much higher sensitivity compared to conventional biosensors. The biosensor’s uniqueness originated from its innovative structure, which incorporates N-FK51A/Ag/AlON/BlueP materials, as well as its cutting-edge fabrication method. The refractive index component was considered when designing the SPR biosensor, which was developed from the angular analysis of the attenuated total reflection (ATR) approach for cancer detection. For instance, the resonance angle shifts by 15.57 deg when the refractive index changes from 1.360 to 1.401, demonstrating the sensor’s responsiveness to variation in the refractive index. The sensitivities for skin (basal), cervical (HeLa), blood (Jurkat), adrenal gland (PC12), and breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) cancer cells were 197.65, 243.66, 255.36, 302.71, 372.57, and 416.85 deg/RIU, respectively. Also, the detection accuracy (DA), the figure of merit (FoM), and the quality factor were 0.37/deg, 155.94 (deg/RIU), and 26.71 RIU
−1
. We also examine the effects of substituting the noble, dielectric, 2D material layer with conventional biosensor materials for six cancers. Each time, the Ag/AION/BlueP layered structure performed best in distinguishing cancer cells from healthy cells. We also study the prism effects. The proposed biosensor, with a RI of 1.29–1.40, has a linear regression coefficient of R
2
of 0.96094.
Journal Article
Advanced dermatological diagnostics: high sensitivity performance and low losses for THz photonic crystal fiber biosensing solutions for skin cancer
Skin cancer is a disorder marked by inappropriate skin cell proliferation, which is frequently brought on by UV radiation exposure from tanning booths or the sun. It can present as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or basal cell carcinoma, with varying levels of malignancy and available therapies. Our newly developed photonic crystal fiber (PCF) has exceptional efficacy in the identification of skin cancer. The proposed US model has a heptagonal core and a clad surface with a heptagonal pattern. The PCF analyzer that has just been released shows a maximum relative sensitivity (RS) of 95.35% as well 94.29% for the basal (cancer) alongside basal (normal), respectively. For the aforementioned cells, we also looked at the confinement loss (CL) of 1.74 × 10
–14
dB/m, 5.98 × 10
–13
dB/m, plus the effective material loss (EML) of 0.0077 cm
−1
, 0.0088 cm
−1
. Rapid identification in skin cancer allows for improved results, tailored treatment, and prompt intervention. Early detection of cancer makes milder medications available, which lessens the need for aggressive treatment. Moreover, increasing the treatment of patients and simplifying the continual sickness monitoring process. Accurate evaluation also helps with research into developments that enhance global recognition as well as treatment options. The new PCF, with its exceptional detecting capacity, may have been instrumental in the prompt discovery of such harmful organisms. In summary, there are a lot of opportunities in the medical field.
Journal Article
Highly sensitive nonlinear photonic crystal fiber based sensor for chemical sensing applications
This study has reported an extremely high sensitive and nonlinear chemical sensor based on photonic crystal fiber is presented with numerical investigation. In order to reduce fabrication complexity, the proposed chemical detector is designed with circular air holes. To calculate the guiding characteristics, finite element method based Comsol software is used. Different types of commonly used materials are used as background material of that proposed sensor to ensure maximum relative sensitivity to the chemicals. The simulation results confirms that, very high relative sensitivity of 97.89%, 96.31%, 91.87% and 88.93% for benzene, chloroform, ethanol and water respectively at 1.55 µm of optical signal. Moreover the proposed chemical sensor offers negligible confinement loss of around 10
–10
dB/m for all sensing analytes. In addition, other important characteristics such as numerical aperture, nonlinearity are discussed in detail. The wavelength dependent light guiding characteristics for the solid materials and the sample under test is used in simulation to ensure better accuracy and to create real life environment.
Journal Article
Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF)–Based Optical Sensor for Blood Component Detection in Terahertz Spectrum
Hollow core photonic crystal fiber is suggested and analyzed in this article for the identification of different blood components present in human blood. In order to visualize the fiber and investigate the performance of that sensor based on COMSOL simulation software, the suggested fiber is numerically analyze in terahertz frequency spectrum from 1.5 to 3 THz to obtain higher relative sensitivity (RS) and NA as well as lower absorption loss and confinement loss (CL) for better sensing applications. The reported hollow core fiber provides better interaction of light and the analytes, so that extremely high RS is achieved at a particular geometric condition. Furthermore, extremely low CL and effective material loss (EML) with high numerical aperture (NA) can be achieved from the suggested sensor which paves the way to apply the fiber in numerous biomedical applications.
Journal Article
Improved neural machine translation using Natural Language Processing (NLP)
Deep Learning algorithms have made great significant progress. Many model designs and methodologies have been tested to improve presentation in various fields of Natural Language Processing (NLP). NLP includes the domain of translation through the state-of-art process of machine interpretation. Deep learning refers to the use of neural networks with multiple layers to model complex patterns in data. In the context of NMT, deep learning models can capture the complex relationships between source and target languages, leading to more accurate and fluent translations. The encoder-decoder system is a framework for NMT that uses two neural networks, an encoder and a decoder, to translate input sequences to output sequences. The encoder network processes the input sequence and creates a fixed-length representation of it, while the decoder network generates the output sequence from the encoder's representation. Through the speech/text content process, the computer realizes and resembles the individual intervention known as machine translation. Besides a prominent study area, numerous methods, such as rule-based, quantitative, and even excellent illustration of machine translation supervision, are being established. In machine translation, neural networks have achieved considerable advancements. We reviewed various strategies involved with Encoding-Decoding for the Neural Machine Translation scheme in this research (NMT). Most of the neural machine translation (NMT) prototypes has built at a sequential framework of encoder-decoder that does not employ syntactic information.
Journal Article
Design and simulation of non linear metamaterial for full efficient nano structure optical spatial RAM memory detection sensing at mid infrared region
In this paper, a simulation of a full optical random-access memory (RAM) cell is introduced. A model description of an equivalent analogy optical circuit is presented. The analogy of the regeneration process subsection of full optical RAM is clarified. The analogy of the reading process subsection of full optical RAM is demonstrated. This study clarifies the influence of nonlinear material as the backbone of most modern full optical elements. Discussions of the simulation results and some details on the optical analogy for the subsections of the entire optical RAM cell are provided. The eye figures of the input and outputs for both memory writing and reading represent that Q Factors equal to 120 and 54 respectively. Although the value of Q Factor of the output is lower than its input, but there is no error and consequently, the output can be easily recovered. Also, the results showed that this design can be leveraged to obtain a low memory access latency with a little unimpressive distortion, the regenerating cycle of 3 bits does not exceed for about 0.2 ns.
Journal Article