Explore the vast range of titles available.

The phenomenon of international organizations is one of the relatively recent phenomena in the history of the international law and international relations, which is a phenomenon that, despite its novelty, has been able in the form and in the way it desired to occupy its place and to play its assigned role, regardless of the negatives which erode its performance from time to time. As for what is meant by the resolution of the conflict through international organizations, it is the ability of the organization to Crystallize a set of rules, agreed upon by the member states to settle what may arise between them from disputes peacefully, with the effective application of those rules as far as possible in what might be resulted from disputes. In this context, we emphasize an important point, which is not only new the role of international organizations in settling international disputes in general or their existence as an important factor in the framework of international relations, the evidence, is the text of the covenant of the League of Nations on this role, but what is new to it is also that this kind of the disputes in which the environment is the main component. It should be noted that most of the international organizations were established at a time when there were not in it, environmental protection issues receive official and popular attention, and for this came most of the charters of these organizations devoid of any text or texts include the protection of the environment as one of the goals that the international organizations operate on its achievement. International organizations of all kinds contribute an ample share of the resolving of the environmental disputes, whether by establishing new subsidiary authorities or by issuing many recommendations, declarations, and decisions that contribute by one way or another in preventing and settling these disputes, whether with the aim of preventing the environmental damages before they occur or with the aim of settling disputes arising from these damages after their occurrence. There are also some regional judicial bodies in general or specialized in the field of human rights; their role in the field of dispute settlement began to emerge concerning the depletion of the natural resources or related to claiming the right in the environment. Our study of this topic will be from two aspects: (first) the role of international in settling States international environmental disputes, and (second) the role of regional organizations and the agencies specialized settling States environmental international dispute.

Research Importance: How to fight tax planning strategies used by multinational enterprises that exploit gaps and mismatches in tax rules to avoid paying tax based on Multilateral Instrument, MLI Convention to preserve the role of bilateral income tax agreements in eliminating double taxation worldwide Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) through The Adoption of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in collaboration with the G20 countries. Research Objective: The abuse of tax treaties is an important source of base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS). The MLI helps the fight against BEPS by implementing the tax treaty-related measures developed through the BEPS Project in existing tax treaties in a synchronized and efficient manner. These measures prevent treaty abuse, improve dispute resolution, prevent the artificial avoidance of permanent establishment status and neutralize the effects of hybrid mismatch arrangements. Research Problem: Tax planning strategies used by multinational enterprises that exploit gaps and mismatches in tax rules to avoid paying tax (BEPS). BEPS refers to tax planning strategies that exploit gaps and mismatches in tax rules to artificially shift profits to low or no-tax locations where there is little or no economic activity or to erode tax bases through deductible payments such as interest or royalties. Although some of the schemes used are illegal, most are not. This undermines the fairness and integrity of tax systems because businesses that operate across borders can use BEPS to gain a competitive advantage over enterprises that operate at a domestic level. Moreover, when taxpayers see multinational corporations legally avoiding income tax, it undermines voluntary compliance by all taxpayers.

Plants use a variety of physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms to mitigate salt stress impacts. Many techniques, including the application of nanoparticles (NPs), are being used to increase plant stress tolerance. To assess the growth and productivity of Vigna unguiculata L. (cowpea) plants exposed to salt stress, cowpea has been cultivated using different saline water levels and subjected to green synthesized zinc NPs (ZnNPs) and iron NPs (FeNPs) applied via foliar spraying. The cowpea plants that grew under the lowest saline water level showed the best leaf traits, leaf water content per area (LWCA), pods, and seed yields, but when salinity levels increased, the plants’ growth and productivity slightly declined. ZnNP and FeNP treatments slow down the degradation of photosynthetic pigments and greatly mitigate the negative effects of salt stress. In both stressed and unstressed plants, ZnNP treatments produced the highest osmoprotectant concentrations (proline, protein, and total carbohydrates). As a result of salt stress, cowpea seeds showed a marked decrease in dry matter and protein content, but ZnNP and FeNP treatments increased it. Conclusively, the results obtained indicated that ZnNPs and FeNPs foliar application to cowpea plants stimulated leaf pigment and polyphenol production, which in turn increased seed dry matter, seed yield, protein content, and the plants’ ability to withstand saline stress.

Sprouts are an attractive food product that contains high amounts of nutritional substances and has pro-health features. Sprout consumption has strongly increased despite its potential risk to health due to its microbial load. Both the safety and shelf life of sprouts may be negatively affected by a high microbial load. To reduce the microbial contamination in sprouts before consumption, the initial microbial load on the seeds needs to be controlled. Many herbal sprouts have been recommended for diabetes, and fenugreek is one of these sprouts. Thus, the current experiment aimed at disinfecting fenugreek seeds using microwave (5, 10, and 20 s) and hot water (30, 45, and 60 s) treatments for different durations. The best-disinfected sprouts with the highest nutritional properties were used to evaluate their influence on streptozocin-induced diabetic rats in comparison with fenugreek seed feeding. Microwave treatments showed the highest sprout length, fresh weight, total free amino acids, antioxidants, reducing sugars, and total phenols. Additionally, microwave seed treatments showed the lowest bacteria and mold counts on sprouts produced relative to hot water treatments, and the best seed treatment was a microwave for 20 s, which gave the best values in this respect. Feeding diabetic rats with different fenugreek seeds or sprout rates (0, 5, 7.5, and 10% w/w) improved body weight, restricted the growth of glucose levels, lowered total cholesterol and triglycerides, and improved HDL compared with the positive control group, and fenugreek sprouts at higher rates showed the maximum improvements in blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Treating fenugreek seed with microwave radiation for 20 s to disinfect the seeds before sprouting is recommended for lowering the microbial load with optimum nutritional and antioxidant activity, and feeding diabetic rats with these sprouts at the rate of 7.5 and 10% had promising effects on hyperglycemia and associated disorders.

Background Burnout is a special type of work-related stress—a state of physical or emotional exhaustion that also involves a sense of reduced accomplishment and loss of personal identity (Lancet 388:2272-2281, 2016). Burnout is a syndrome of state of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and feelings of low personal accomplishment (Maslach C and Jackson S, Maslach burnout inventory manual, 1986). Burnout syndrome leads to severe problems. It may cause psychosomatic problems, family and marital conflicts, and substance misuse and also may result in complications such as late coming and early leaving of employees, quitting, having frequent medical reports, and the lack of productive and constructive ideas and criticism in the occupational settings (Sayil et al, Kriz Dergisi, Cilt 5, Say 1:2 ss.71-77, 1997). So, we aimed to estimate the rate of occurrence of burnout among a sample of psychiatrists in one of the governmental psychiatric hospitals in Egypt. Results Result shows that 56.2% of study sample were males and 43.8% were females. Their mean age was 32 ± 6, and 57.5% were married and 42.5% were single. Mean score of emotional exhaustion was 28.25 ± 10.45 (high). Mean score of depersonalization was 8.5 ± 6.1 (moderate). Mean score of personal accomplishment was 31.78 ± 8.5 (low) Conclusion Burnout rate among psychiatrists of Al-Abbassia Hospital is higher than in western countries. Marriage and sleeping in home have protective effects. There is a significant association between high number of working hours per week and quality of the relationship with seniors and burnout.

In 2018, the Egyptian government initiated a massive hepatitis C screening and treatment program. The Ministry of Health set the goal of screening all adults (target population, 62.5 million) within 1 year and provided treatment paid for by the government. Nearly 50 million people participated in screening, and approximately 1 million patients were treated for HCV infection.

The landscape of chronic liver disease in Egypt has drastically changed over the past few decades. The prevalence of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has risen to alarming levels. Despite the magnitude of the problem, no regional guidelines have been developed to tackle this disease. This document provides the clinical practice guidelines of the key Egyptian opinion leaders on MAFLD screening, diagnosis, and management, and covers various aspects in the management of MAFLD. The document considers our local situations and the burden of clinical management for the healthcare sector and is proposed for daily clinical practical use. Particular reference to special groups was done whenever necessary.

The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze the outcome of an unscheduled change in national Egyptian policies for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV), which was transpired as a result of a reduction in interferon supplies, and to manage patients who already started interferon-based therapy. After completing a priming 4-weeks course of sofosbuvir/pegylated interferon/ribavirin (SOF/PEG IFN/RBV), a 12-weeks course of sofosbuvir/daclatasvir (SOF/DCV) combination was initiated. We evaluated the sustained virologic response at 12 weeks posttreatment (SVR12) for 2 groups of patients; Group 1, which included patients who had the previous regimen with IFN priming, and group 2, which included the first consecutive group of patients who received SOF/DCV for 12 weeks from the start without IFN priming. All group 1 patients (1,214 patients) achieved SVR12 (100%) and this was statistically significant when compared with the overall SVR12 in group 2 [8,869 patients with sustained virologic response [SVR] of 98.9%] (P value <0.001). No serious adverse events were reported in both groups. In this real-life treatment experience, interferon-based directly acting antiviral treatment with SOF/PEG IFN/RBV as a priming for 4 weeks, followed by SOF/DCV combination for 12 weeks, led to HCV viral suppression in all treated patients.