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Hemoconcentration during exercise is a well-known phenomenon, however, the extent to which dehydration is involved is unclear. In our study, the effect of dehydration on exercise-induced hemoconcentration was examined in 12 elite Hungarian kayak-canoe athletes. The changes of blood markers were examined during acute maximal workload in hydrated and dehydrated states. Dehydration was achieved by exercise, during a 120-minute extensive-aerobic preload. Our research is one of the first studies in which the changes in blood components were examined with a higher time resolution and a wider range of the measured parameters. Hydration status had no effect on the dynamics of hemoconcentration during both the hydrated (HS) and dehydrated (DHS) load, although lower maximal power output were measured after the 120-minute preload [HS Hemoglobin(Hgb) Max median 17.4 (q1 17.03; q3 17.9) g/dl vs. DHS Hgb Max median 16.9 (q1 16.43; q3 17.6) g/dl (n.s); HS Hematocrit(Hct) Max 53.50 (q1 52.28; q3 54.8) % vs. DHS Hct Max 51.90 (q1 50.35; q3 53.93) % (n.s)]. Thirty minutes after the maximal loading, complete hemodilution was confirmed in both exercises. Dehydration had no effect on hemoconcentration or hemodilution in the recovery period [HS Hgb R30’ 15.7 (q1 15.15; q3 16.05) g/dl (n.s.) vs. DHS Hgb R30’ 15.75 (q1 15.48; q3 16.13) g/dl (n.s.), HS Hct R30’ 48.15 (q1 46.5; q3 49.2) % vs. DHS Hct R30’ 48.25 (q1 47.48; q3 49.45) % (n.s.)], however, plasma osmolality did not follow a corresponding decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit in the dehydrated group. Based on our data, metabolic products (glucose, lactate, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate ion, blood urea nitrogen) induced osmolality may not play a major role in the regulation of hemoconcentration and post-exercise hemodilution. From our results, we can conclude that hemoconcentration depends mainly on the intensity of the exercise.

One of the most promising emerging innovations in personalized medication is based on 3D printing technology. For use as authorized medications, 3D-printed products require different in vitro tests, including dissolution and biocompatibility investigations. Our objective was to manufacture implantable drug delivery systems using fused deposition modeling, and in vitro tests were performed for the assessment of these products. Polylactic acid, antibacterial polylactic acid, polyethylene terephthalate glycol, and poly(methyl methacrylate) filaments were selected, and samples with 16, 19, or 22 mm diameters and 0%, 5%, 10%, or 15% infill percentages were produced. The dissolution test was performed by a USP dissolution apparatus 1. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide dye (MTT)-based prolonged cytotoxicity test was performed on Caco-2 cells to certify the cytocompatibility properties. The implantable drug delivery systems were characterized by thermogravimetric and heatflow assay, contact angle measurement, scanning electron microscopy, microcomputed tomography, and Raman spectroscopy. Based on our results, it can be stated that the samples are considered nontoxic. The dissolution profiles are influenced by the material properties of the polymers, the diameter, and the infill percentage. Our results confirm the potential of fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing for the manufacturing of different implantable drug delivery systems in personalized medicine and may be applied during surgical interventions.

Background A set of silver coins from the collection of Déri Museum Debrecen (Hungary) was examined by X-ray fluorescent elemental analysis with the aim to assign the coins to different groups with the best possible precision based on the acquired chemical information and to build models, which arrange the coins according to their historical periods. Results Principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis, classification and regression trees and multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares were applied to reveal dominant pattern in the data and classify the coins into several groups. We also identified those chemical components, which are present in small percentages, but are useful for the classification of the coins. With the coins divided into two groups according to adequate historical periods, we have obtained a correct classification (76-78%) based on the chemical compositions. Conclusions X-ray fluorescent elemental analysis together with multivariate data analysis methods is suitable to group medieval coins according to historical periods.

Megállapítottam, hogy a [RuCl2(TPPMS)2] komplex vizes közegben katalizálja a CO2 hidrogénezését. A reakcióban kizárólag hangyasav, illetve formiát képz!dik. A reakció sebessége nagyban függ a közeg pH-jától. Az irodalomban közzétett mechanisztikus magyarázatokban – még a vizes közegben lejátszatott reakciók esetén is – a CO2 molekula szerepel közvetlen reaktánsként. Ez természetesen nem zárható ki – különösen szerves oldószerekben – de vizsgálataim alapján látszik, hogy vizes oldatban a CO2 és a víz kölcsönhatásában keletkez! három részecske közül a HCO3- – a másik kett!höz képest – kiugróan nagy sebességgel reagál.Munkám során részletesen leírtam a reakciókörülmények változtatásának a hangyasav képz!désének sebességére gyakorolt hatását.A reakciósebesség \"-\"0 bar nyomástartományban egyenes arányosságot mutat a hidrogén nyomásával. A gáztérben jelenlév! CO2 negatív hatást gyakorol a rendszerre: állandó hidrogénnyomás mellett a CO2 parciális nyomásának növelésével csökken a képz!dött formiát mennyisége.A h!mérséklet növelése egy darabig gyorsítja a reakciót, de 50°C fölött egyre inkább a formiát bomlása lesz a kedvezményezett folyamat.Az optimális fém-ligandum arányt négy foszfin koordinációja biztosítja, valószín#leg a katalitikusan aktív köztitermékben is négy foszfin kapcsolódik a központi Ru ionhoz.A szerves N-tartalmú bázisok a CO2 és HCO3- redukciójában képz!d! hangyasav további reakcióba vitelével, vagy új, katalitikusan aktívabb köztitermék kialakításával a reakciót segítik. A legnagyobb aktivitásnövekedést kinolin alkalmazása során tapasztaltam.Megvizsgáltam a különböz! fémionok és fotoszenzibilis rendszer létrehozására alkalmas adalék, a [RuCl2(Bpy)3] befolyását a reakciósebességre.A [RuCl2(TPPMS)2] komplex alkalmasnak bizonyult CaCO3 hidrogénezésére vizes közegben. A reakció el!rehaladtával a reakciósebesség csökken, ami a képz!d! formiát inhibiáló hatásának tulajdonítható. Ezt szisztematikus kísérletsorozattal bizonyítottam, melyben a kiindulási reakcióelegyhez egyre növekv! mennyiség formiátot adtam. Azt találtam, hogy a kiindulási formiát koncentrációjának növekedésével a képz!d! formiát mennyisége csökkent. NaHCO3oldat redukciója esetén nem jelentkezik az inhibíciós hatás.Az irodalomból ismert, hogy a [RuCl2(TPPMS)2] komplexb!l vizes oldatban, légköri nyomáson a pH-tól függ!en különböz összetétel hidrido-komplexek képz!dnek. Nyomás alatt végzett spektrofotometriás és 1H, 13C valamint 31P NMR spektrometriás mérésekkel bebizonyítottam, hogy a rendszerben az eddig ismert hidrideken kívül más összetétel# molekulák is kialakulnak. A pontos szerkezet tisztázása további vizsgálatokat igényel.Mechanizmust javasoltam a szén-dioxid [RuCl2(TPPMS)2] által katalizált, vizes közegben történ! hidrogénezésére, melyben a HCO3 - molekula szerepel szubsztrátumként. A javasolt mechanizmus szerint két egymástól független ciklusban is képz!dhet a hangyasav, mely ciklusok között összeköt! kapocs a [RuH(HCO2)(TPPMS)4] komplex. A mechanizmusban szerepl [Ru(HCO3)2(TPPMS)2] komplex el!állítására els!ként dolgoztam ki módszert, és igazoltam szerkezetét.

We study the undeclared work patterns of Hungarian employees in relatively stable jobs, using a panel dataset that matches individual-level self-reported Labour Force Survey data with administrative records of the Pension Directorate for 2001–2006. We estimate the determinants of undeclared work using Heckman-type random-effects panel probit models, and develop a two-regime model to separate permanent and transitory undeclared work, where the latter follows a Markov chain. We find that about 6–7% of workers went permanently unreported for six consecutive years, and a further 4% were transitorily unreported in any given year. The models show lower reporting rates—especially in the permanent segment—among males, high-school graduates, those in agriculture and transport, small firms and various forms of atypical employment. Transitory non-reporting may be partly explained by administrative records missing for technical reasons. The results suggest that (1) the “aggregate labour input method” widely used in Europe can indeed be a simple yet reliable tool to estimate the size of informal employment, although it slightly overestimates the true magnitude of black work and (2) the long-term pension consequences of undeclared work may be substantial because of the high share of permanent non-reporting.

Fine-scale topographic complexity creates important microclimates that can facilitate species to grow outside their main distributional range and increase biodiversity locally. Enclosed depressions in karst landscapes (‘dolines’) are topographically complex environments which produce microclimates that are drier and warmer (equator-facing slopes) and cooler and moister (pole-facing slopes and depression bottoms) than the surrounding climate. We show that the distribution patterns of functional groups for organisms in two different phyla, Arthropoda (ants) and Tracheophyta (vascular plants), mirror this variation of microclimate. We found that north-facing slopes and bottoms of solution dolines in northern Hungary provided key habitats for ant and plant species associated with cooler and/or moister conditions. Contrarily, south-facing slopes of dolines provided key habitats for species associated with warmer and/or drier conditions. Species occurring on the surrounding plateau were associated with intermediate conditions. We conclude that karst dolines provide a diversity of microclimatic habitats that may facilitate the persistence of taxa with diverse environmental preferences, indicating these dolines to be potential safe havens for multiple phyla under local and global climate oscillations.

Membrane nanotubes are cell protrusions that grow to tens of micrometres and functionally connect cells. Actin filaments are semi-flexible polymers, and their polymerisation provides force for the formation and growth of membrane nanotubes. The molecular bases for the provision of appropriate force through such long distances are not yet clear. Actin filament bundles are likely involved in these processes; however, even actin bundles weaken when growing over long distances, and there must be a mechanism for their regeneration along the nanotubes. We investigated the possibility of the formation of periodic molecular relay stations along membrane nanotubes by describing the interactions of actin with full-length IRSp53 protein and its N-terminal I-BAR domain. We concluded that I-BAR is involved in the early phase of the formation of cell projections, while IRSp53 is also important for the elongation of protrusions. Considering that IRSp53 binds to the membrane along the nanotubes and nucleates actin polymerisation, we propose that, in membrane nanotubes, IRSp53 establishes molecular relay stations for actin polymerisation and, as a result, supports the generation of force required for the growth of nanotubes.

Background/Objectives: In chronic liver disease, a rebalanced coagulation state often results in an increased risk of thrombosis, particularly in the splanchnic region. While systemic coagulation abnormalities are well documented, alterations in regional (portal) hemostasis remain underexplored. This study aimed to compare systemic and portal hemostasis during liver transplantation and to determine whether systemic parameters can accurately predict regional coagulation status. Methods: Thirty-five liver transplant recipients were included in this study. Systemic blood samples (S1–S5) were collected from the external jugular vein at five surgical time points, while portal blood samples (R3) were obtained immediately before reperfusion simultaneously with S3. All samples were analyzed using ClotPro® viscoelastic assays, conventional coagulation tests, and blood gas analysis. Results: The EX-test comparison between S3 and R3 samples revealed a discrepancy between systemic and regional hemostasis in 45.7% of patients. Among these, eight regional samples exhibited hypocoagulation characterized by coagulation factor consumption and hyperfibrinolysis. Another eight samples demonstrated hypercoagulation with fibrinolytic shutdown, which was confirmed by a fibrin-rich thrombus identified via scanning electron microscopy. Systemic samples failed to predict these regional variations. Conclusions: Regional (portal) hemostasis significantly differs from systemic coagulation and cannot be accurately predicted using systemic assays alone. These findings suggest that fibrinolytic shutdown in the portal vein may contribute to intraoperative and long-term graft damage, highlighting a potential need for regional coagulation assessment during liver transplantation.