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The present study examined the effects of dietary supplementation of four plant by-products (potato peel, cauliflower leaves, onion skin, and mango peel) in therapeutic nutrition through evaluating the effectiveness of these plant by-products mixed in bread in modulating obesity parameters using obese rat model. All (35) adult male rats, 150 ±10g, rats were fed on basal diet for one week before starting the experiment for acclimatization. After one week period, the rats were divided into two main groups, the first group: Group(-) , 5 rats still fed on basal diet and the other main group (30 rats) was feed with diet-induced obesity (DIO) for 4 weeks which classified into sex sub groups as follow: Group (+): fed on DIO as a positive control Group (PPP), fed on DIO containing 5 % PPP, Group (CLP), fed on DIO containing 5 % CLP ,Group (ROSP), fed on DIO containing 5 % ROSP, Group (MPP), fed on DIO containing 5 % MPP, Group (Mixture): fed on DIO containing 5 % mixture, PPP + CLP+ ROSP + MPP by equal parts. At the end of the experimental period (4 weeks) blood was collected then glucose and liver and functions were determined in the serum. The results indicated that supplementation of the rat diets with 5% w/w by PPP, CLP, ROSP, MPP and their mixture induced significant decreasing on serum glucose concentrations liver AST, ALT and ALP activities. * PPP, potato peel powder, CLP; cauliflower leaves powder; ROSP, red onion skin powder; MPP, mango peel powder and Mixture, PPP + CLP+ ROSP + MPP by equal parts.

Food gap expresses an increase in consumption over the rate of production, which may lead the concerned country to import food from abroad. On the other hand, coinciding with the nutritional gap is the exacerbation of chemically synthesized therapies or drugs. Therefore, the present study was carried out in a trial to open up new horizons for the use of gum Arabic (GA) in some food processing and therapeutic applications. For food processing application, mixing of wheat flour with Arabic gum at level 4% improved the properties of the dough (farinograph and extensograph parameters), which will reflect positively on the properties of the resulting bread. For therapeutic applications, intervention with GA at levels 2 to 4% are able to prevent or inhibit liver injuries induced by ubiquitous chemical toxin i.e. B(a)P. GA exhibit liver injuries inhibiting effects probably by improving the liver functions, modulating regulators of drug metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P450) and glutathione fractions (Reduced, GSH, and oxidized, GSSG, glutathione) as well as inhibiting the lipid peroxidation parameter (malonaldehyde content, MDA) in liver cells. In conclusion, data of the present study recommended that GA by a concentration up to 4% (w/w) to be included in our daily dishes, beverages and pharmaceutical formulae.

The food gap/crisis coincided with the exacerbation of chemically synthetic drugs in most countries of the world. Therefore, the world's attention is directed to the search for untraditional foods and biologically active compounds from natural sources. The present study aims to investigate the Brown algae (Sargassum subrepandum) located on the Egyptian seashores as a valuable source of nutrients and bioactive compounds with important biological/therapeutic roles. Results indicated that carbohydrates were the largest compound (55.83 - 62.19%) followed by crude fiber (11.76 - 15.69%), ash (9.33- 13.06%), total protein (4.74- 5.95%) and crude fat (0.51 -1.07%) in Sargassum subrepandum powder (SSP). Also, polysaccharides were the largest compound ranged 132.45 to 173.7 mg starch equvalent. g-1 followed by phenolics (103.66 to 158.98 mg Gallic acid equvalent. g-1), carotenoids (27.84 to 49.17 mg.g-1), flavonoids (27.11 to 37.98 mg catechin equivalent. g-1) and anthocyanin's (5.91 to 8.03 mg Cyanidin 3-glucoside, CCy3G equivalent.100g-1) in the same samples. This high content of biologically active constituents in SSP has encountered by many significance biological roles such as antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. The degree of biological activity was also affected by the difference in the extraction medium, where the organic extracts (methanolic and ethanolic) recorded the highest values of activities, followed by the aqueous ones. The activities degree of organic extracts is coming well i.e. closing to the value of 50 mg α-tocopherol followed by the aquatic extracts. In conclusion, SSP contains different nutrients with high nutritive values and bioactive constituents that are responsible for different biological activities including antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. Therefore, we recommended SPP to be included in our daily diets/dishes, drinks, food supplementation and pharmacological formulae.

The present study aims to determine the chemical composition, nutritional evaluation and bioactive compounds content of oat (Avena sativa) flour and its effects on obesity complications in rats. Oat flour had 10.33, 12.45, 6.63, 3.71, 2.06 and 64.82 percent moisture, total protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash, and carbs, respectively. Additionally, total energy (Kcal/100g), adult man's daily requirements for protein (GDR/protein) and energy (GDR/energy), and percent satisfaction of adult man's daily requirements in protein (P.S./protein) and energy (P.S./energy) were 368.75, 506.02, 786.44, 15.81, and 10.17, respectively. Furthermore, bioactive compounds content of oat flour indicated that dietary fiber (g.100g-¹), β-glucans (soluble fiber) (g.100g-¹), phenolics (mg Gallic acid equivalent. 100 g-¹), flavonoids (mg catechin equivalent. 100 g-¹) and carotenoids (mg.100g-¹) were 12.44, 4.46, 3.35, 2.36 and 4.97, respectively. The oat flour samples also recorded several very high biological activities which include antioxidant and radicals scavenging activities. The bioactive components content and biological effects of oat flour have played an essential role in obesity prevention and treatment efforts. As a result, the current study suggests that oat flour be included in our everyday meals and as a food supplement.

The current work was designed to study the effects of turmeric rhizome powder on liver disorders induced by Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] in rats. Treatment of animals with B(a)P caused a significant increased (p ≥ 0.05) in AST (72.71%), ALT (116.67%) and ALP (238.41%) compared to normal controls. Supplementation of the rat diets with turmeric powder (0.50, 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00 g/ 100 g) prevented the rise of mean serum AST, ALT and ALP activities. The same behavior was recorded for MDA, the biomarker of oxidative stress in cells, levels in serum and xenobiotics metabolizing enzyme i.e. cytochrome p450 in hepatocytes. The opposite direction was recorded for the glutathione fractions (biological macromolecules antioxidant) in serum. These results supported our hypothesis that turmeric powder contains several categories of bioactive compounds that are able to prevent/inhibited the B(a)P induced liver disorders through liver serum enzymes lowering activity, decreasing rate on the formation of serum MDA, decreasing the activity of xenobiotics metabolizing enzyme i.e. cytochrome p450 and increasing the levels of glutathione fractions in serum. Therefore, the present study recommended turmeric by a concentration up to 2% to be included in our daily diets, drinks and food products.

The present study was carried out to investigate the influence of ultraviolet radiation (UV-c) treatment on the stability of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in leafy vegetables (Molokhia, Spinach and lettuce) throughout refrigerated storage. The analysis of variance for the total phenolics, carotenoids and chlorophyll levels indicates that their values were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by both the UV-C radiation and the refrigeration storage period. Initial total phenolics, carotenoids and chlorophyll levels for all UV-treated samples were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) than those for the control samples. When the all selected leafy vegetables were included in the statistical analysis, there was a positive significant relationship between total phenolics (P ≤ 0.05, r² = 0.5182), total carotenoids (p ≤ 0.05, r² = 0.6827), total chlorophyll (p ≤ 0.05, r² = 0.6715) and antioxidant activity in control and UV-treated samples throughout refrigerated storage. Also, bacteriological analysis indicated that total aerobic bacterial growth (TABG) of molokhia, spinach and lettuce was recorded 4.21, 4.65 and 4.43 log10 cfu/g which increased by rates of 51.98, 43.92 and 54.34% for the untreated samples and 41.73, 33.32 and 42.45% for the UV treated samples after 8 days of refrigeration at 4 °C, respectively. In conclusion, UV-C treatment brings some benefits to the fresh cut industry of leafy vegetables (Molokhia, Spinach and lettuce) including prolonged their shelf life based on total microbial counts but some reducing in an important bioactive compounds i.e. phenolics, carotenoids and chlorophyll have been reduced. Such notice should be taken in our consideration when the UV-treated leafy vegetables will be used as functional foods and/or in diets planning.

The present study aims to determine the chemical composition, physical properties, nutritional value, bioactive compounds content and biological activities of the gum Arabic (Acacia seyal) collected from Sudan Republic. The extractive value for gum Arabic (GA) in different organic solvents was very low (0.065- 1.942%) while very high in water (16.052- 16.921%). The contents of moisture, total protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash and carbohydrates content of GA were 10.32, 2.87, 0.15, 81.45, 2.63 and 2.85%, respectively. Also, the total energy (Kcal/ 100g), the daily requirement of adult man for protein (GDR/ protein) and energy (GDR/ energy), percent satisfaction of the daily requirements of adult man in protein (P.S./ protein) and energy (P.S./ energy) which recorded 23.15, 2195, 12527, 4.56 and 0.80, respectively. Furthermore, bioactive compounds content of GA powder indicated that polysaccharides were the most largest compound (211.53 ± 10.43mg starch equvalent. g-¹) followed by phenolics (43.98 ± 1.76 mg Gallic acid equvalent. g-¹), and flavonoids (10.23 ± 0.34 mg catechin equivalent. g-¹). Also, GA was e richen in dietary fiber (74.45 ± 3.21g/ 100g). The samples also recorded several very high biological activities, which include antioxidant and radicals scavenging activities. Such important bioactive compounds content and biological effects of GA could play important roles in strategies to combat/ treat many diseases, especially those for which oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms for its occurrence i.e. obesity, diabetes, cancer, atherosclerosis etc. Therefore, the present study recommended like of that GA powder and/ or extracts to be included in our daily diets, drinks, food supplementation and pharmacological formulae.