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Biomedical Applications of Titanium Alloys: A Comprehensive Review
Titanium alloys have emerged as the most successful metallic material to ever be applied in the field of biomedical engineering. This comprehensive review covers the history of titanium in medicine, the properties of titanium and its alloys, the production technologies used to produce biomedical implants, and the most common uses for titanium and its alloys, ranging from orthopedic implants to dental prosthetics and cardiovascular devices. At the core of this success lies the combination of machinability, mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. This unique combination of useful traits has positioned titanium alloys as an indispensable material for biomedical engineering applications, enabling safer, more durable, and more efficient treatments for patients affected by various kinds of pathologies. This review takes an in-depth journey into the inherent properties that define titanium alloys and which of them are advantageous for biomedical use. It explores their production techniques and the fabrication methodologies that are utilized to machine them into their final shape. The biomedical applications of titanium alloys are then categorized and described in detail, focusing on which specific advantages titanium alloys are present when compared to other materials. This review not only captures the current state of the art, but also explores the future possibilities and limitations of titanium alloys applied in the biomedical field.
Journal Article
History of dental biomaterials: biocompatibility, durability and still open challenges
ObjectiveThis review paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the historical evolution of dental biomaterials, as well as to understand the reasons behind their biocompatibility and to identify the key factors that have influenced their development and use over the past 5000 years.Data sourcesThe sources for this review were primarily obtained through Scopus and other online databases, such as Google Scholar, which were searched for relevant publications spanning clinical, archeological, and materials science literature. In cases where no other sources were available, information was gathered through consultation with museums and owners of private collections.Study selectionOur search was conducted using specific materials and ages as keywords and, for the last two centuries, retrieving scientific articles written at that time of the first development and commercialization. When possible, secondary sources such as literature reviews were prioritized, while not peer-reviewed documents were utilized only when no other sources were available. References with varying perspective and findings were included, also when presented contradictory or controversial information.ConclusionsIn this review, clinical, archeological and chemical data could be merged into a comprehensive analysis of the historical evolution of the concept of biocompatibility in dental materials. The results of this review emphasize the significant advances that have been made in the field of dental biomaterials in terms of biocompatibility, from the use of gold and other metals in ancient civilizations to the development of modern materials such as resin composites and ceramics.Clinical significanceBy analyzing the development and use of dental biomaterials over the centuries from clinical, archeological and chemical perspectives, the review sheds light on the key factors that have shaped our understanding of biocompatibility in dental materials and the importance of this concept in the success of dental restorations.
Journal Article
Mr. Churchill's secretary : a novel
London, 1940. Winston Churchill has just been sworn in as prime minster. American Maggie Hope, the newest typist at No. 10 Downing Street, uses her gifts for code breaking to outwit the enemy.
Book
Anomalous Dissipation for the Forced 3D Navier–Stokes Equations
In this paper, we consider the forced incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with vanishing viscosity on the three-dimensional torus. We show that there are (classical) solutions for which the dissipation rate of the kinetic energy is bounded away from zero, uniformly in the viscosity parameter, while the body forces are uniformly bounded in some reasonable regularity class.
Journal Article
Boundary regularity and stability for spaces with Ricci bounded below
This paper studies the structure and stability of boundaries in noncollapsed
RCD
(
K
,
N
)
spaces, that is, metric-measure spaces
(
X
,
d
,
H
N
)
with Ricci curvature bounded below. Our main structural result is that the boundary
∂
X
is homeomorphic to a manifold away from a set of codimension 2, and is
N
-
1
rectifiable. Along the way, we show effective measure bounds on the boundary and its tubular neighborhoods. These results are new even for Gromov–Hausdorff limits
(
M
i
N
,
d
g
i
,
p
i
)
→
(
X
,
d
,
p
)
of smooth manifolds with boundary, and require new techniques beyond those needed to prove the analogous statements for the regular set, in particular when it comes to the manifold structure of the boundary
∂
X
. The key local result is an
ε
-regularity theorem, which tells us that if a ball
B
2
(
p
)
⊂
X
is sufficiently close to a half space
B
2
(
0
)
⊂
R
+
N
in the Gromov–Hausdorff sense, then
B
1
(
p
)
is biHölder to an open set of
R
+
N
. In particular,
∂
X
is itself homeomorphic to
B
1
(
0
N
-
1
)
near
B
1
(
p
)
. Further, the boundary
∂
X
is
N
-
1
rectifiable and the boundary measure
is Ahlfors regular on
B
1
(
p
)
with volume close to the Euclidean volume. Our second collection of results involve the stability of the boundary with respect to noncollapsed mGH convergence
X
i
→
X
. Specifically, we show a boundary volume convergence which tells us that the
N
-
1
Hausdorff measures on the boundaries converge
to the limit Hausdorff measure on
∂
X
. We will see that a consequence of this is that if the
X
i
are boundary free then so is
X
.
Journal Article
When Fungal Prophylaxis Fails: A Rare Case of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Fungemia with Suspected Abdominal Origin
We report a rare case of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa fungemia with a suspected abdominal origin in a 73-year-old man with advanced haematological disease on fluconazole prophylaxis. The patient presented with febrile neutropenia caused by a jejunal microperforation. Despite broad-spectrum antibiotics, the fever persisted, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was isolated from blood cultures. High-dose liposomal amphotericin B achieved microbiological clearance and clinical improvement. The case was further complicated by coinfection with Aspergillus fumigatus and Klebsiella oxytoca. To our knowledge, this is one of the few reported cases of abdominal Rhodotorula fungemia, and the first described in the context of fluconazole prophylaxis. This report emphasises the importance of recognising Rhodotorula as a true pathogen and highlights the challenges of managing rare fungal infections in immunocompromised hosts.
Journal Article