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In the same style, manner, and format as The Louvre: All the Paintings, every Old Master painting that is on display in The Vatican is included in this deluxe, slip-cased volume with companion DVD, as well as hundreds of additional masterpieces and treasure in the Papal collection.

Despite the global significance of the Leach’s Storm-petrel Hydrobates leucorhous colony on Baccalieu Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, the estimate of 3.36 million breeding pairs reported for 1984 by Sklepkovych and Montevecchi stands as the single published population estimate for the world’s largest colony. This study increases knowledge of this population by analysing data from additional independent surveys conducted in 1984 and 1985, and by updating the population status with a survey conducted in 2013. Population estimates were derived by extrapolating occupied burrow densities to the estimated occupied area of four main habitat types (heath, forest, grass and fern), which in turn were based on proportions of habitats observed in plots (1984 and 1985) or by using a Geographic Information System approach (2013). Based on these surveys, the Leach’s Storm-petrel breeding population size on Baccalieu Island was estimated at 5.12 ± 0.73 (SE) and 4.60 ± 0.42 (SE) million pairs in 1984 and 1985 respectively, representing estimates 37–51% greater than the original 1984 survey. While discrepancies among these estimates were largely driven by the way occupied areas were estimated, our study confirms that Baccalieu Island hosts the largest Leach’s Storm-petrel colony in the world. Results from the 2013 survey estimate the current breeding Leach’s Storm-petrel population at 1.95 ± 0.14 (SE) million pairs, representing a 42% decline over 29 years (-1.4% per year), relative to the original published estimate of 3.36 ± 0.12 (SE) million pairs. The most prominent change has occurred in the density of storm-petrel burrows found in forest habitat which dropped by 70% despite forest remaining the second most abundant habitat available to nesting storm-petrels on Baccalieu Island. The cause of this decline remains unknown and is likely multi-faceted. Future research focusing on demographic studies is required to understand what is driving the population decline of this internationally important colony.

Fifty years after their first practice in a Soho basement, Led Zeppelin continues to fascinate new generations of listeners. While their legendary back-stage debauchery has been written about extensively in other books, All the Songs is all about the music, detailing the studio magic and inspiration that made all nine albums go platinum, including Led Zeppelin IV which was certified x23 platinum and has sold more than 37 million copies worldwide. Studio stories will include their productive time at Headley Grange in Wales, a poorly-heated former poorhouse where they recorded parts of Led Zeppelin III, Led Zeppelin IV, Houses of the Holy and Physical Graffiti. And how the first album was recorded in three weeks but their second took six months, done while the band was on a world tour. They carried the masters of the recording session in a steamer trunk wherever they went. Out of these chaotic sessions came the \"Whole Lotta Love,\" which was finished in New York with Hendrix engineer Eddie Kramer helping create the psychedelic middle part, as well as \"The Lemon Song,\" which was cut live in the studio. Page worked feverishly with Kramer to mix the LP on a primitive 12-channel Altec board in a two-day span. Fans will also learn the genesis of their lyrics, the inspiration for their album covers, the instruments used, and the contributions of engineers such as Andy Johns, who helped create the iconic drum sound on \"When the Levee Breaks\" by recording Bonham at the bottom of a stairwell.-- Publisher's description.

Background Mass drug administration (MDA) is a suggested mean to accelerate efforts towards elimination and attainment of malaria-free status. There is limited evidence of suitable methods of implementing MDA programme to achieve a high coverage and compliance in low-income countries. The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of this MDA delivery strategy while using coverage measured as effective population in the community and population available. Methods Population-based MDA was implemented as a part of a larger program in a high transmission setting in Uganda. Four rounds of interventions were implemented over a period of 2 years at an interval of 6 to 8 months. A housing and population census was conducted to establish the eligible population. A team of 19 personnel conducted MDA at established village meeting points as distribution sites at every village. The first dose of dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine (DHA-PQ) was administered via a fixed site distribution strategy by directly observed treatment on site, the remaining doses were taken at home and a door-to-door follow up strategy was implemented by community health workers to monitor adherence to the second and third doses. Results Based on number of individuals who turned up at the distribution site, for each round of MDA, effective coverage was 80.1%, 81.2%, 80.0% and 80% for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th rounds respectively. However, coverage based on available population at the time of implementing MDA was 80.1%, 83.2%, 82.4% and 82.9% for rounds 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Intense community mobilization using community structures and mass media facilitated community participation and adherence to MDA. Conclusion A hybrid of fixed site distribution and door-to-door follow up strategy of MDA delivery achieved a high coverage and compliance and seemed feasible. This model can be considered in resource-limited settings.

The specificity of interferon effectors across an expanded range of viruses is studied, with results indicating that positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses are more susceptible to interferon-stimulated gene activity than negative-sense RNA or DNA viruses; in addition, the DNA sensor cGAS is shown to have an unappreciated role in RNA virus inhibition. cGAS crucial to innate immunity This study reports the use of cell culture models to scan an extensive interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) library for activity against a broad spectrum of viruses. The scan reveals that positive-sense single-stranded (ss)RNA viruses are more susceptible to ISG activities than negative-sense ssRNA viruses or a DNA virus. The DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is shown to inhibit several RNA viruses. The authors also generated cGAS knockout mice and showed an in vivo requirement for cGAS in antiviral responses. The type I interferon (IFN) response protects cells from viral infection by inducing hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), some of which encode direct antiviral effectors 1 , 2 , 3 . Recent screening studies have begun to catalogue ISGs with antiviral activity against several RNA and DNA viruses 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 . However, antiviral ISG specificity across multiple distinct classes of viruses remains largely unexplored. Here we used an ectopic expression assay to screen a library of more than 350 human ISGs for effects on 14 viruses representing 7 families and 11 genera. We show that 47 genes inhibit one or more viruses, and 25 genes enhance virus infectivity. Comparative analysis reveals that the screened ISGs target positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses more effectively than negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. Gene clustering highlights the cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase ( cGAS , also known as MB21D1 ) as a gene whose expression also broadly inhibits several RNA viruses. In vitro , lentiviral delivery of enzymatically active cGAS triggers a STING-dependent, IRF3-mediated antiviral program that functions independently of canonical IFN/STAT1 signalling. In vivo , genetic ablation of murine cGAS reveals its requirement in the antiviral response to two DNA viruses, and an unappreciated contribution to the innate control of an RNA virus. These studies uncover new paradigms for the preferential specificity of IFN-mediated antiviral pathways spanning several virus families.

Murres (thick-billed [Uria lomvia] and common [U. aalge]) are legally hunted along the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Razorbills (Alca torda) are also incidentally taken. Only irregular estimates of the total murre harvest are available, so a tool to derive estimates of age- and species-specific harvest is required to effectively monitor the hunt and manage a sustainable harvest. We collected 293 murre and razorbill wings from hunters between 1999–2004, with the goal of identifying wing characteristics that could be used to discriminate age and species. We found that murres and razorbills could be reliably aged (first-yr vs. older) on the basis of molt limits of greater wing coverts. Using a discriminant function (DF) incorporating length of the first primary and second secondary feather, we classified 95–96% of common murres and 99–100% of thick-billed murres correctly to species. First-year thick-billed and common murres also differed in number of pale secondary coverts (median = 12 and 3, respectively), providing another species-specific trait. We developed a key to age and assign species based on these results. We assessed applicability and accuracy of the wing-key with novice observers, who differentiated between murre and razorbill wings using feather-pattern coloration with high accuracy (95 ± 9%) and were able to differentiate between the 2 murres species using 3 techniques: visual assessment of wing shape (83 ± 14% accuracy), the DF (94 ± 6%), and number of worn secondary coverts for first-year birds only (83 ± 5%). Experience increased success rates of aging and species classification using wing shape and number of worn secondary coverts but not using the DF. Despite differences in measurement accuracy and repeatability among observers, the DF proved to be robust. Our results will facilitate implementation of a species composition survey for the murre hunt and will improve identification rates of carcasses found during beached bird surveys in the Northwest Atlantic, aiding in monitoring of alcid populations vulnerable to anthropogenic activities.

The first edition of this book offered an insider's view of the politics, economics, science, and diplomacy involved in creating the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Now Benedick--a principal architect and chief U.S. negotiator of the treaty--brings us to the eve of the treaty's 10th anniversary.

Advertising research has focused exclusively on the solitary subject at the expense of understanding the role that advertising plays within the social contexts of group interaction. We develop a number of explanations for this omission before describing the results of an ethnographic study of advertising's contribution to the everyday interactions of adolescent informants at a number of English high schools. The study reveals a series of new, socially related advertising‐audience behaviors. Specifically, advertising meanings are shown to possess social uses relating to textual experience, interpretation, evaluation, ritual use, and metaphor. The theoretical and managerial implications of these social uses are then discussed.

Heterologous immunity induced by infections is considered a potent barrier to transplantation tolerance. Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected liver transplant recipients can maintain allograft tolerance after successful immunosuppression withdrawal despite these suggested detrimental effects of anti-viral heterologous immunity, however. The availability of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy will drastically change the impact of chronic HCV infection on clinical outcomes following liver transplantation. It is therefore essential to understand the extent to which HCV eradication modulates heterologous immunity. DAA-induced HCV clearance offers a unique setting to study the effect of viral heterologous immunity on alloreactive T-cell responses. A cohort of HCV-infected liver allograft recipients was recruited to enable retrospective analysis of alloreactive T cell responses, T cell exhaustion, immunophenotype and type I interferon (IFN-I) signalling. An in vitro assay was developed to investigate the extent to which HCV-specific T-cells cross-react with HLA antigens. HCV+ and HCV- CD8 Tcells were sorted and expanded to generate T-cell libraries, which were subsequently cultured with a panel of cell lines expressing single-HLA molecules. Cross-reactivity against allo-HLA was detected in 10% of T cell libraries. This frequency increased in the presence of donor-specific HLA. Our group has previously reported that type I IFN signalling and T cell exhaustion are associated with allograft tolerance. In this current study links between type I IFN signalling, T cell exhaustion and HLA-alloreactive T cell responses are demonstrated. The effects of HCV clearance on alloreactive T-cell responses were investigated. Here, HCV clearance resulted in decreased type I IFN signalling and diminished T cell exhaustion. The extent of donor-HLA-alloreactivity of HCV-specific CD8 T cells was also shown to increase after viral clearance. Additional examination of this effect using PD-1/CTLA-4 co-blockade provided further evidence for the role of T cell exhaustion regulating the HLA-alloreactive response. These findings demonstrate that viral clearance modulates the HCV heterologous immune response, which, should be considered to optimally manage immunosuppressive therapy following SVR.