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"Ellis, Paul"
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The hero in you
\"A collection of songs celebrating the accomplishments of thirteen heroes from United States history, including Nellie Bly, Chief Joseph, and Ben Franklin. The opening song celebrates the potential hero in each of us\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Social ties and international entrepreneurship: Opportunities and constraints affecting firm internationalization
International entrepreneurship involves the identification and exploitation of opportunities for international exchange. Yet little is known about the entrepreneurial methods used for opportunity recognition. While previous work emphasizes effects operating at the level of the business network, I propose that the recognition of exchange opportunities is a highly subjective process, shaped by entrepreneurs' existing ties with others. Based on interview data collected from 41 managers, I develop a comprehensive measure for classifying different methods of opportunity recognition. I then use this measure to classify 665 international exchange ventures set up by entrepreneurs in four Chinese cities. In contrast with past research I find virtually no role for blind luck. Although the majority of exchange opportunities were discovered rather than sought, these discoveries were intentional rather than accidental. I also find that entrepreneurs' idiosyncratic connections with others both promote and inhibit international exchange. Tie-based opportunities lead to higher-quality and more valuable exchanges that are constrained in terms of geographic, psychic and linguistic distance. From this I conclude that entrepreneurial networks have distinct opportunity horizons that limit the reach of tie-based exchanges and potentially lead to sub-optimal internationalization trajectories.
Journal Article
The night the lights went out on Christmas
\"It began with just a couple of reindeer and lights on a tree. Then came inflatable snowmen and sleighs. Then camels, candy canes, and barking penguins! Soon the whole block is bedazzled with neon igloos, electric wise men, and dancing elves. But the most wonderful holiday display is the one nobody ever noticed, until one fateful night...\"--Book jacket.
Book
Does Psychic Distance Moderate the Market Size-Entry Sequence Relationship?
An analysis of 924 foreign market entries made by a sample of Chinese exporters reveals that psychic distance moderates the relationship between foreign market size and entry sequence. In doing so, this study challenges the extant hypothesis that the establishment of foreign operations conforms to a simple pattern of increasing psychic distance to markets. The findings also reveal that psychic distance is asymmetrical in nature, and that assessments made by sellers and their buyers are inherently inequivalent.
Journal Article
New Oceania : modernisms and modernities in the Pacific
For so long figured in European discourses as the antithesis of modernity, the Pacific Islands have remained all but absent from the modernist studies' critical map. Yet, as the chapters of 'New Oceania: Modernisms and Modernities in the Pacific' collectively show, Pacific artists and writers have been as creatively engaged in the construction and representation of modernity as any of their global counterparts. In the second half of the twentieth century, driving a still ongoing process of decolonisation, Pacific Islanders forged an extraordinary cultural and artistic movement. Integrating Indigenous aesthetics, forms, and techniques with a range of other influences--realist novels, avant-garde poetry, anti-colonial discourse, biblical verse, Indian mythology, American television, Bollywood film--Pacific artists developed new creative registers to express the complexity of the region's transnational modernities. 'New Oceania' presents the first sustained account of the modernist dimensions of this period, while presenting timely reflections on the ideological and methodological limitations of the global modernism rubric. Breaking new critical ground, it brings together scholars from a range of backgrounds to demonstrate the relevance of modernism for Pacific scholars, and the relevance of Pacific literature for modernist scholars.
Book
Effect sizes and the interpretation of research results in international business
Journal editors and academy presidents are increasingly calling on researchers to evaluate the substantive, as opposed to the statistical, significance of their results. To measure the extent to which these calls have been heeded, I aggregated the meta-analytically derived effect size estimates obtained from 965 individual samples. I then surveyed 204 studies published in the journal of International Business Studies. I found that the average effect size in international business research is small, and that most published studies lack the statistical power to detect such effects reliably. I also found that many authors confuse statistical with substantive significance when interpreting their research results. These practices have likely led to unacceptably high Type II error rates and invalid inferences regarding real-world effects. By emphasizing P values over their effect size estimates, researchers are under-selling their results and settling for contributions that are less than what they really have to offer. In view of this, I offer four recommendations for improving research and reporting practices.
Journal Article
Carboplatin in BRCA1/2-mutated and triple-negative breast cancer BRCAness subgroups: the TNT Trial
Germline mutations in
BRCA1/2
predispose individuals to breast cancer (termed germline-mutated
BRCA1/2
breast cancer, gBRCA-BC) by impairing homologous recombination (HR) and causing genomic instability. HR also repairs DNA lesions caused by platinum agents and PARP inhibitors. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) harbor subpopulations with
BRCA1/2
mutations, hypothesized to be especially platinum-sensitive. Cancers in putative ‘BRCAness’ subgroups—tumors with
BRCA1
methylation; low levels of
BRCA1
mRNA (
BRCA1
mRNA-low); or mutational signatures for HR deficiency and those with basal phenotypes—may also be sensitive to platinum. We assessed the efficacy of carboplatin and another mechanistically distinct therapy, docetaxel, in a phase 3 trial in subjects with unselected advanced TNBC. A prespecified protocol enabled biomarker–treatment interaction analyses in gBRCA-BC and BRCAness subgroups. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). In the unselected population (376 subjects; 188 carboplatin, 188 docetaxel), carboplatin was not more active than docetaxel (ORR, 31.4% versus 34.0%, respectively;
P
= 0.66). In contrast, in subjects with gBRCA-BC, carboplatin had double the ORR of docetaxel (68% versus 33%, respectively; biomarker, treatment interaction
P
= 0.01). Such benefit was not observed for subjects with
BRCA1
methylation,
BRCA1
mRNA-low tumors or a high score in a Myriad HRD assay. Significant interaction between treatment and the basal-like subtype was driven by high docetaxel response in the nonbasal subgroup. We conclude that patients with advanced TNBC benefit from characterization of
BRCA1/2
mutations, but not
BRCA1
methylation or Myriad HRD analyses, to inform choices on platinum-based chemotherapy. Additionally, gene expression analysis of basal-like cancers may also influence treatment selection.
The phase 3 TNT Trial in subjects with triple-negative breast cancer supports the superiority of carboplatin over docetaxel in
BRCA1/2
-mutated tumors and a greater response to taxanes in the nonbasal subtype.
Journal Article
Gender‐based disparities in COVID-19 patient outcomes
Studies reported to date suggest that men with COVID-19 have more severe disease and worse outcomes when compared with women. The explanation for this finding is not entirely clear. The goal of this study was to compare clinical characteristics, inflammatory biomarkers and clinical outcome between men and women. This retrospective study included patients with COVID-19 admitted to 10 Virginia hospitals from January 1, 2020, to June 15, 2020. Demographic data, comorbidities, and inflammatory markers, including C reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, ferritin, and the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio, as well as patient outcomes, were compared between men and women. During the study period, 701 patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 infection were admitted. The patient’s mean age was 61±17 years. There were 370 men (52.8%). There was no difference in age, racial distribution, and comorbidities in the male patients compared with the female patients. However, both the baseline and peak levels of CRP and ferritin were significantly higher in men as compared with women. While the baseline D-dimer was similar between the sexes, men had a significantly higher maximal D-dimer. Men had evidence of greater disease severity, with a significantly greater admission to the intensive care unit and borderline higher hospital mortality. Our study supports the observation that COVID-19 causes more severe disease in men. The greater disease severity in men was not due to the effect of age or comorbidities; however, in keeping with experimental studies, men had evidence of a heightened inflammatory response, likely contributing to disease severity.
Journal Article
Pulmonary rehabilitation and quality of life in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: findings from a retrospective cohort study
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a rare genetic disorder associated with early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and impaired quality of life (QoL). This retrospective study evaluated the impact of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) on QoL using repeated St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) scores. Among 274 patients, PR participants had more severe disease but showed no greater QoL improvement over time. Dyspnoea and exacerbation frequency were the strongest predictors of poorer outcomes. PR was not associated with significantly improved SGRQ trajectories. These findings highlight the need for personalised, disease-specific rehabilitation strategies in AATD to address limitations of conventional PR programmes in this population.
Journal Article
Characteristics of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency related lung disease exacerbations using a daily symptom diary and urinary biomarkers
Pulmonary exacerbations in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) related lung disease are a significant contributor to disease burden, as with usual COPD. Separating the early stages of an exacerbation from the day-to-day variation in stable COPD is central to the concerns of both clinicians and patients and has been identified as a research priority by NIHR. Clinical tools that distinguish baseline symptoms from those of an exacerbation could allow early and appropriate treatment of AECOPD to reduce the impact and potentially may slow disease progression thereby improving survival and quality of life. Candidate tools include symptom diaries and biomarkers of infection and acute inflammation. Urinary biomarkers of AECOPD have yet to be explored in AATD related COPD.
55 patients with AATD related lung disease with a history of 2 or more AECOPD in the preceding year were prospectively followed for 18 months. Each patient recorded symptom scores daily via an electronic symptom diary (eDiary) based on Bronkotest. Urinary biomarkers for AAT, NE, CRP, TIMP1 and desmosine were measured weekly using a home urinary lateral flow device. During self-reported AECOPD patients were asked to perform urine analysis on the first 7 consecutive days.
Type I Anthonisen exacerbations and episodes occurring in autumn/winter lasted longer than Type II/III exacerbations and spring/summer episodes respectively. Median urinary CRP concentration across all study participants increased during Type I AECOPD. eDiary adherence was 68% over a median of 17.8 months (IQR 15.7 to 18.5).
Use of an eDiary and urinary biomarkers to detect and characterise AECOPD remotely in AATD related lung disease is feasible over a prolonged period and paves the way for precision detection of exacerbations.
Journal Article