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"Ellis, S"
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When galaxies were born : the quest for cosmic dawn
\"Approximately 300,000 years after the Big Bang, all matter consisted of three chemical elements: hydrogen, helium, and a bit of lithium. This matter spread out as the universe expanded and cooled down, and from the far-flung gas clusters the first stars ignited. Eventually, due to gravitational clustering, primordial galaxies formed. The earliest galaxies, which evolved in the first few hundred million years after the Big Bang, contained stars that in turn contained only hydrogen and helium. These galaxies are thought to have produced copious amounts of ultraviolet radiation, which re-ionized the hydrogen in deep space and sparked one of the major phase transitions in the universe's early evolution, called the reionization era. In When Galaxies Were Born, Ellis describes efforts to reveal the oldest, most distant stars and galaxies in the universe and, in turn, to better understand the early evolution of the universe. Observational research into the largely uncharted cosmological era of \"cosmic dawn\" is notoriously difficult and involves such major space- and ground-based observatories as ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT) and the Atacama Large Millimetre Array (ALMA) in Chile, the twin Keck telescopes on Mauna Kea in Hawaii, and the Hubble Space Telescope, and it will progress in the future using the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) and Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) in Chile, the Thirty-Meter Telescope (TMT) in Hawaii, and the NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), due to launch in mid-December 2021. While giving readers an inside look at the last several decades of progress in the field, Ellis also shares his own story and personal perspective, taking readers along as he uses observatories around the world to reveal how the first stars and galaxies came into being and how the earliest galaxies led to the further emergence of cosmic structure in the universe\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Lithium loss from pegmatites controlled by country rock temperature
The sustainable energy technologies that are required to achieve net-zero carbon emissions rely on critical metals. Pegmatite deposits are one of the world’s primary sources of these critical metals, which makes understanding their formation essential.
The sustainable energy technologies that are required to achieve net-zero carbon emissions rely on critical metals. Pegmatite deposits are one of the world’s primary sources of these critical metals, which makes understanding their formation essential.
Journal Article
A machine learning calibration model using random forests to improve sensor performance for lower-cost air quality monitoring
Low-cost sensing strategies hold the promise of denser air quality monitoring networks, which could significantly improve our understanding of personal air pollution exposure. Additionally, low-cost air quality sensors could be deployed to areas where limited monitoring exists. However, low-cost sensors are frequently sensitive to environmental conditions and pollutant cross-sensitivities, which have historically been poorly addressed by laboratory calibrations, limiting their utility for monitoring. In this study, we investigated different calibration models for the Real-time Affordable Multi-Pollutant (RAMP) sensor package, which measures CO, NO2, O3, and CO2. We explored three methods: (1) laboratory univariate linear regression, (2) empirical multiple linear regression, and (3) machine-learning-based calibration models using random forests (RF). Calibration models were developed for 16–19 RAMP monitors (varied by pollutant) using training and testing windows spanning August 2016 through February 2017 in Pittsburgh, PA, US. The random forest models matched (CO) or significantly outperformed (NO2, CO2, O3) the other calibration models, and their accuracy and precision were robust over time for testing windows of up to 16 weeks. Following calibration, average mean absolute error on the testing data set from the random forest models was 38 ppb for CO (14 % relative error), 10 ppm for CO2 (2 % relative error), 3.5 ppb for NO2 (29 % relative error), and 3.4 ppb for O3 (15 % relative error), and Pearson r versus the reference monitors exceeded 0.8 for most units. Model performance is explored in detail, including a quantification of model variable importance, accuracy across different concentration ranges, and performance in a range of monitoring contexts including the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and the US EPA Air Sensors Guidebook recommendations of minimum data quality for personal exposure measurement. A key strength of the RF approach is that it accounts for pollutant cross-sensitivities. This highlights the importance of developing multipollutant sensor packages (as opposed to single-pollutant monitors); we determined this is especially critical for NO2 and CO2. The evaluation reveals that only the RF-calibrated sensors meet the US EPA Air Sensors Guidebook recommendations of minimum data quality for personal exposure measurement. We also demonstrate that the RF-model-calibrated sensors could detect differences in NO2 concentrations between a near-road site and a suburban site less than 1.5 km away. From this study, we conclude that combining RF models with carefully controlled state-of-the-art multipollutant sensor packages as in the RAMP monitors appears to be a very promising approach to address the poor performance that has plagued low-cost air quality sensors.
Journal Article
101 قصة للاجانب للتعرف على الشعب الصيني
يعد هذا الكتاب معرفة شاملة عن كيفية التفاعل اجتماعيا وثقافيا مع الشعب الصيني ومن خلال هذا الكتاب سيتم الاطلاع على مجموعة من الحكايات والقصص الثقافية والتي تبلغ 101 قصة ثقافية لشرح الآداب والعادات والتقاليد الصينية اليومية للأجانب حيث جاء الكتاب بصورة سهلة ومسلية في نفس الوقت وليس كخطاب أكاديمي أو بحث علمي.
BOOK
Progression of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a pathophysiological framework
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which is defined by cerebrovascular deposition of amyloid β, is a common age-related small vessel pathology associated with intracerebral haemorrhage and cognitive impairment. Based on complementary lines of evidence from in vivo studies of individuals with hereditary, sporadic, and iatrogenic forms of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, histopathological analyses of affected brains, and experimental studies in transgenic mouse models, we present a framework and timeline for the progression of cerebral amyloid angiopathy from subclinical pathology to the clinical manifestation of the disease. Key stages that appear to evolve sequentially over two to three decades are (stage one) initial vascular amyloid deposition, (stage two) alteration of cerebrovascular physiology, (stage three) non-haemorrhagic brain injury, and (stage four) appearance of haemorrhagic brain lesions. This timeline of stages and the mechanistic processes that link them have substantial implications for identifying disease-modifying interventions for cerebral amyloid angiopathy and potentially for other cerebral small vessel diseases.
Journal Article
تعرف إلى عادات الشعب الصيني
يبين هذا الكتاب الاختلافات الثقافية بين الصينيين والغربيين، لكنه يذكرنا أيضاً بوجود الكثير من أوجه الشبه. فنحن نملك جميعاً أحلاماً وطموحات ورغبات، ونحتاج جميعاً إلى أن نحظى بالحب والاحترام. ونريد جميعاً السلام والاستقرار، وكذلك حياة أفضل لأنفسنا ولعائلاتنا، كل شعار ألعاب بيجيغ الأولمبية لسنة 2008 هو عالم واحد، حلم واحد وهذا يشير إلى أن الأشخاص من ثقافات مختلفة يملكون العديد من الأهداف نفسها، وإنما يستخدمون طرقاً مختلفة لبلوغها.
Book
Effect of Abuse-Deterrent Formulation of OxyContin
In 2010, an abuse-deterrent formulation of the widely abused prescription opioid OxyContin replaced the original formulation. After the new formulation was introduced, patients reported that they used OxyContin less often and other drugs (including heroin) more often.
To the Editor:
In August 2010, an abuse-deterrent formulation of the widely abused prescription opioid OxyContin was introduced. The intent was to make OxyContin more difficult to solubilize or crush, thus discouraging abuse through injection and inhalation. We examined the effect of the abuse-deterrent formulation on the abuse of OxyContin and other opioids.
Data were collected quarterly from July 1, 2009, through March 31, 2012, with the use of self-administered surveys that were completed anonymously by independent cohorts of 2566 patients with opioid dependence, as defined by the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
4th edition, who were entering . . .
Journal Article
X-Men : the age of Apocalypse. Vol. 2. Reign
The world groans under the Darwinian conqueror Apocalypse's rule. Under his thumb, America has become a dark and dangerous dystopia where mutants rule, humankind suffers, and survival of the fittest is all! But in the shadows, the freedom fighters known as the X-Men - following a tenuously thin thread of hope - continue their dangerous and multi-pronged plan to restore the true Marvel Universe.
BOOK
Protracted near-solidus storage and pre-eruptive rejuvenation of large magma reservoirs
Building super-eruptive magma reservoirs in the cold, upper parts of Earth’s crust requires a significant influx of magma over an extended period, sufficient to allow the magma to accumulate, differentiate and periodically erupt. Some models favour magma storage in a cold non-eruptible state, requiring extensive reactivation of the reservoirs before eruption, whereas others suggest storage at higher temperature and lower crystallinity, implying that magma in such reservoirs is readily eruptible. Consequently, constraining volcanic hazards requires observations directly linking magma residence timescales to the thermal state and crystallinity of storage. Here we simultaneously determine crystallization temperatures and ages of magmatic crystals of zircon and titanite in the 900 km
3
Kneeling Nun Tuff (New Mexico, USA), which allows us to place tight constraints on the long-term thermal evolution of the magma reservoir. We show that zircon and titanite crystals record more than 600,000 years of magma assembly and constrain the dominant storage conditions to low temperatures, set between the granitic solidus (680 to 700 °C) and the temperature of the onset of titanite crystallization (about 720 to 730 °C). We apply the zircon–titanite systematics to a suite of other super-eruptions and suggest that protracted low-temperature storage culminating in late-stage reheating is a widespread feature of large crystal-rich eruptions.
Super-eruptions are fed by large magma reservoirs. Geochemical analyses of volcanic rocks erupted in New Mexico suggest the magma was stored under cool conditions in the crust for 600,000 years, before late-stage heating triggered an eruption.
Journal Article