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Ethnicity and class, two major paradigms constructed during the British colonial period, have shaped Malaysian studies until the present. Very few concepts other than ethnicity and class have triggered as much polemics among scholars, public intellectuals, policy makers, and activists in Malaysia. This is especially so in debates over political economy, state power, social change, and the perennial question “Who rules, who gets what, who wins, and who loses?” Ethnicity has become the dominant paradigm in academic analysis, and it shapes government policies, public opinion, and people’s thinking. Ethnic preferences are so entrenched that they form a major cause of divides and dissent in society, and a millstone that constrains social cohesion and progress. Adopting a historical/retrospective approach, this article identifies four defining episodes or watersheds in post-World War II Malaysia that have a significant bearing on the complex relationship and contestation between ethnicity and class. Those episodes are: (1) postwar agenda of crafting the state and envisioning the nation, 1946–48; (2) social engineering under the New Economic Policy and nation building, 1969–71; (3) envisioning a multiethnic developed nation through Vision 2020 and Bangsa Malaysia; and (4) post-2008 transition trap: reining in ethno-nationalist resurgence and moving toward a new Malaysia. It is suggested that the ethnic paradigm, being a social construct, may change and can be changed. However, efforts to change it should be guided by a non-ethnic, inclusive, and class-based paradigm that is sensitive to the complexity of the mediation between ethnic consciousness and cross-ethnic class solidarity.

This study investigates stance-taking in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) pandemic declaration speech delivered on March 11, 2020, and its officially translated Arabic version, with the aim of exploring how stance is employed and re-conveyed across languages. The study seeks to identify the most frequent stance types in the English speech, examine how these stance markers are rendered in Arabic translation, and evaluate the communicative functions of stance-taking in both texts. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, the study combines qualitative and quantitative analysis within the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Value-laden lexical items were manually extracted from both the English and Arabic texts, classified under ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions, and then further coded for epistemic, attitudinal, and stylistic stance functions. Results reveal that the English text is dominated by attitudinal stances, reflecting the speaker’s efforts to engage the audience emotionally and persuade them to adopt recommended health behaviours. In contrast, the Arabic translation shows a more balanced distribution of stance types, with higher frequencies of attitudinal and stylistic stances, suggesting a shift toward information delivery and cohesive structuring. The findings have significant implications for translation studies, public health communication, and discourse analysis.

Defective lymphatic drainage and translocation of B-cells in inflamed (Bin) joint-draining lymph node sinuses are pathogenic phenomena in patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this lymphatic dysfunction remain poorly understood. Herein, we utilized multi-omic spatial and single-cell transcriptomics to evaluate altered cellular composition (including lymphatic endothelial cells, macrophages, B-cells, and T-cells) in the joint-draining lymph node sinuses and their associated phenotypic changes and cell-cell interactions during RA development using the tumor necrosis factor transgenic (TNF-Tg) mouse model. Popliteal lymph nodes (PLNs) from wild-type (n=10) and TNF-Tg male mice with \"Early\" (5 to 6-months of age; n=6) and \"Advanced\" (>8-months of age; n=12) arthritis were harvested and processed for spatial transcriptomics. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) was performed in PLNs from the TNF-Tg cohorts (n=6 PLNs pooled/cohort). PLN histopathology and ELISPOT along with ankle histology and micro-CT were evaluated. Histopathology of human lymph nodes and synovia was performed for clinical correlation. Advanced PLN sinuses exhibited an increased expression ratio (Early 0.5 ± 0.1 vs Advanced 1.4 ± 0.5 counts/counts; ) that significantly correlated with reduced talus bone volumes in the afferent ankle (R 0.54, ). Integration of single-cell and spatial transcriptomics revealed the increased IgG2b plasma cells localized in MARCO peri-follicular medullary sinuses. A concomitant decreased expression (Early 2.5 ± 0.74 vs Advanced 1.0 ± 0.50 counts, ) within Advanced PLN sinuses was associated with accumulation of iron-laden Prussian blue positive macrophages in lymph nodes and synovium of Advanced TNF-Tg mice, and further validated in RA clinical samples. T-cells were increased 8-fold in Advanced PLNs, and bioinformatic pathway assessment identified the interaction between ALCAM macrophages and CD6 T-cells as a plausible co-stimulatory mechanism to promote IgG2b class-switching. Collectively, these data support a model of flare in chronic TNF-induced arthritis in which loss of lymphatic flow through affected joint-draining lymph nodes facilitates the interaction between effluxing macrophages and T-cells via ALCAM-CD6 co-stimulation, initiating IgG2b class-switching and plasma cell differentiation of the expanded Bin population. Future work is warranted to investigate immunoglobulin clonality and potential autoimmune consequences, as well as the efficacy of anti-CD6 therapy to prevent these pathogenic events.

Population ageing; where there is growth in the percentage of older persons in the population; is becoming a worldwide phenomenon due to better healthcare and lower birth rates. The phenomenon of population ageing brings with it both challenges and opportunities. The challenges of an ageing population include social, health and economic support of the elderly. Malaysia is recognizing the need to address this issue of financially supporting an ageing population. The purpose of the paper was to investigate the impact of business on the financial well-being (FWB) of the ageing, specifically the government retirees. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted among retirees who were in business throughout Malaysia that employed a cross sectional design. Forty-one respondents were successfully interviewed. Statistical procedures for the analyses included descriptive analysis and a profile analysis using scatterplot on the perceived business performance vs financial well-being. The survey revealed that the majority of the respondents operated business in the services, trade or retail industries which were set up and fully owned by themselves. Resource wise, the majority had very low financial capital, human capital and social capital. The study provides some empirical evidence that the retirees in business may be categorized into opportunity driven and necessity driven groups. The paper concludes that there is a need to find alternative income generation methods for the necessity driven group. Making paid work accessible to the elderly must be urgently put on the national agenda.

According to World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular disease (CVD) is among the tenth of primary global cause of death in 2017. However, this problem could be alleviated via early detections, especially for patients with a history of heart-related problems. In addition, ECG monitoring could reduce the cause of CVD if diagnose earlier thus reduce the risk of sudden death. The measurement of ECG signals is important to assist physicians about people heart and health conditions. The sophisticated characteristics of ECG signals could be acquired by using the good electrodes. Thus, electrodes play a vital role in ECG recording. The commercially available electrodes are the conventional wet electrode (gel) using silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl). The gel usage tends to dry gradually and could cause skin problems like dermal inflammation and skin irritation. Due to the limitations associated with conventional gelled electrode, dry electrode is expected to overcome the main limit of Ag/AgCl electrode. By fabricating the silver ink onto the polyimide (PI) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrates to produce a dry ECG sensor, which could withstand high temperature, reusable, and has been shown to be biocompatible. This study is a case study to measure the performance of dry electrode based by silver printed electrode on PI and PEN films in ECG application.

The present study is an investigative work to examine learners’ judgements on some proposed error correction methods, in connection with mispronounced English words. Learners are to evaluate the qualities of six different types of correction approaches, in terms of ‘embarrassment’, ‘comprehensibility’ and ‘effectiveness’ through a set of 36 error-correcting-act video clips representing the six correction types. A set of corresponding questionnaire survey in exploring respondents’ insights was administered. Comparisons by their learning experience (year) and environment (institution) were carried out to study any effect on their judgements. The results of the survey conducted on 88 undergraduate students revealed that the respondents seem to share the same pattern of observations despite their learning experience and types of higher institutions. They have concern on the aspect of ‘embarrassment’ in relation to all corrective feedback types except for Repetition and Clarification Requests which are more communicative in their approach.

This study examines the level of awareness among Orang Asli , the indigenous peoples in Malaysia regarding their land rights as stipulated in the Indigenous Peoples Act 1954 (Act 134), including rights related to development negotiations, access to justice through the courts, their related body and NGOs, as well as the fundamental implications for the continuity of traditional life. This study employs a mixed-method approach involving a questionnaire survey of 47 respondents from four Indigenous communities and in-depth interviews with seven informants. Descriptive analysis reveals that awareness of land rights remains low, particularly regarding negotiation rights in development and legal avenues for seeking justice. Most of the respondents were aware of the existence of certain bodies and NGO but their understanding of the actual function of these agencies in protecting land rights was very limited. The findings identified seven main themes, namely: (i) Understanding of land rights, (ii) Perceptions of government agencies related to them, (iii) Challenges in preserving customary land, (iv) Experiences of land loss or encroachment, (v) Awareness of development negotiation rights, (vi) channels for obtaining justice through the courts, and NGOs, and (vii) The Future of their land . Overall, the findings indicate that respondents' awareness remains low, particularly regarding negotiation rights and legal mechanisms for defending customary land. This study recommends that education be used as a strategic tool to raise awareness among indigenous peoples through the integration of school curricula in community areas, legal literacy programmes, and community development modules that emphasise land rights. Systematic educational interventions are believed to be capable of strengthening understanding, reducing vulnerability, and empowering Indigenous peoples to defend their rights in the future.

Highlight Research The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in the price of marine resources and the income of coastal communities has been affected. The government and the authorities need to come out with several incentives to control this condition and the request for fish markets can be met customarily without rising prices and declining marine resources. Malaysian Fisheries Development Authority (LKIM) a body that has a direct link to the fishing industry needs to ensure that all fishermen's associations participate in the purchase and marketing of fishermen's catch. Adaptation of fish producers will pave the way for all coastal communities to develop more organized fishing systems and sufficient food sources   Abstract COVID-19 has a significant impact on the fishery industry, economy, and food supply. The government of Malaysia imposes a Movement Control Order (MCO) to curb the spread of COVID-19 infection. Although the MCO implementation has benefits in terms of public health, it has affected the fishery industry and the livelihood of coastal communities in Malaysia. This study aimed to identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fishery industry and their livelihoods during that period of calamity. Qualitative research and thematic analysis were employed to seek deeper information on the real situation that retards the fishing activities to the opt stage. COVID-19 has already revealed gaps in health care, the economy, and food systems. The findings obtained can provide recommendations to the government to provide initiatives to fishermen to help them maintain and improve their livelihood. However, this study has limitations as the number of respondents is relatively small due to the restrictions of movement allowed by the government. Future studies could be further enhanced in terms of the impact of COVID-19 after movement restrictions have been loosened and could use a quantitative approach to obtain significant data.

The aim of this paper is to propose a model to simulate the behaviour of water flows in shell and tube heat exchanger. Particularly, the continuity equation, the general heat transfer equations and the energy equation in COMSOL Multiphysics software were implemented in the numerical modelling. Besides, the experiment was also conducted to validate the proposed COMSOL model. The water temperature at locations close to the inlet and outlet of the shell side was respectively predicted at 31.5°C and 34.6°C in the simulation, and it was respectively measured at 31.5°C and 35°C in the experiment. These findings showed that the simulation results had a good agreement with the experiment. Next, this model was extended to simulate the overall heat coefficient and the pressure drops of the water flows in such heat exchanger. The overall heat coefficient was at 736.62 W/m 2 K. The pressure drops at the inlet/outlet areas of the shell and tubes were at 849.93 Pa and 6255.50 Pa, respectively. Conclusive evidence showed that the proposed model is a reliable method for studying the heat transfer behaviour of the shell and heat exchanger.