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The purpose of this article is to study the progress made in Spain in terms of gender parity and the challenges still pending to be achieved in this regard. To attain this objective, first of all, the authors review the successive legal regulations aimed at reaching gender equality that have been enacted in Spain. Furthermore, the considerations and findings made are based on the use of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. On the one hand, from a quantitative viewpoint, different statistical data provided mainly by the Spanish Statistics National Institute are analyzed. From these data, the authors prepare a set of tables and figures that allow them to show that, despite the undoubted legislative advances attained, clear gender inequalities continue in Spain. On the other hand, the authors base their assertions both on their participant observation and on a reinterpretation and reanalysis of the results of two previous qualitative researches. One of the most remarkable outcomes of the use of this qualitative methodology is the persistence in Spain of diverse signs of macho mentality. This persistence not only manifests itself among many men, it is also shared by a large number of women.

In such circumstances, where the development of many rural areas is linked to consumption by urban populations, one of the research challenges is to analyze the influence of the interrelations resulting from this encounter between local rural populations and new residents, due to increasing migration from urban to rural areas and the ever-increasing number of tourists visiting rural areas, etc. The sustainable exploitation of resources, and the preservation of our rural heritage for future generations, are now clear lines of action in most development programs and other policies affecting rural areas. A priority objective in this search for sustainability is enabling a balance between the necessary economic growth—and, above all, development—and preserving the planet’s natural and environmental resources. In this regard, and in accordance with the criteria of effectiveness in the management of protected spaces, a new form of management has been proposed based on eco-regions defined by geographical patterns and relationships involving the environment and the weather, vegetation, soil, geomorphology and functional connections among the protected areas and the surrounding area.

Changes in land use that are taking place in many parts of the world are having varying effects, depending on the case, on food security in diverse environments. This article analyzes how these changes manifest themselves in the De La Vega territory, an agrarian shire located in the center of the southern Spanish province of Granada. Over recent decades, this shire has been confronted with deep socioeconomic, demographic, and urban transformations that have led and are leading to significant changes in the role of agriculture, land use, and the position of farmers. The results reveal that, over the last four decades, the population has increased (44%), the agricultural area has decreased (40%) as has the usable agricultural land (25%), olive groves have grown exponentially (144%), farms have decreased (68%), and levels of livestock have grown and become more concentrated. Finally, the actions and demands raised by the main actors and social organizations involved in the defense of farming in this shire are examined. These demands and actions have ocurred especially in the peri-urban areas close to what is known as the Granada urban agglomeration, precisely where the changes have been most intense, according to the data analyzed.

The Southeastern Spanish Region of Guadix is a mainly agrarian territory located in the Granada province, which is in demographic decline and has low economic dynamism. Reversing such a difficult socioeconomic situation requires the implementation of policies capable of promoting demographic revitalization and fruitfully exploiting potential for sustainable development in the zone. Such policies must be based on an appropriate diagnosis of the existing problems. In order to provide elements to make said diagnosis, this research combines the use of quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitatively, the evolution of demographic dynamics in the region have been analyzed, as well as its levels of occupation, education, its economic situation, or its environmental conditions. In this regard, correlation analysis, factorial analysis, and clustering have been completed with the aim of revealing internal territorial imbalances. A series of qualitative interviews with key actors has also been conducted. Finally, given the little success of development programs applied to date, among other things, it is concluded that a greater involvement of local actors in said programs is needed. Thus, these actors have to be involved in development policies, which in turn must take into account the socioeconomic, cultural, environmental, and geological resources available in the area.

The object of this paper is to analyse changes in the collective imaginary regarding Spanish rurality from 1940 to the present. For this purpose a historical-sociological methodology was used that allows for the differentiation of three different phases in the evolution of this imaginary. These phases are: 1) conservative mystification of rurality; 2) contempt and disdain for rural life; 3) current tendencies towards the revalorisation of rural areas, which came about simultaneously with growing consideration for rural areas as places for leisure and tourism. The study of these transformations shows that the Spanish collective imaginary on rurality is not intrinsic and indifferent to time and context, but the product of a social construction in constant social and historical change. Adapted from the source document.

Andalusian Southeast has passed between 1960 and 2010 from traditional-subsistence farming to a modern greenhouse agriculture, increasingly innovative, professionalized and disconnected from the household. This article intends to identify and classify social values internalized by family farmers in their socio-labor trajectories. Therefore, the article focuses on the autobiographical narratives of farmers, which have been obtained through participant observation and biographical interviews with them. In parallel to the profound changes in the socio-economic practices of family farmers, their social values related to such practices have undergone successive variations. These are considered here as active strategies by those farmers aimed to redefining their views and perceptions of the reality they live, more and more affected by globalization's uncertainties. Adapted from the source document.

En este artículo proponemos un enfoque para analizar los procesos de liderazgo político en el seno de las poliarquías o democracias representativas. Autores como Bryman, Burns, Kouzes, Linz y Posner, entre otros, definen el liderazgo político como una relación de intercambio entre líder y seguidores a través de la visión que comunica el primero como elemento incentivador. A partir de esta idea y en articulación con el enfoque del constructivismo estructuralista de Pierre Bourdieu, se argumenta la pertinencia de estudiar el liderazgo político integrando sus dimensiones subjetiva y objetiva. Así, por un lado, se concibe dicho liderazgo como un fenómeno construido socioculturalmente, haciendo especial hincapié en los conceptos de marco, habitus, campo y capital simbólico. Por otro lado, se plantea un estudio diacrónico del liderazgo para poder captar el proceso real de acumulación de capital simbólico por parte de los líderes políticos. In this article we set forth an approach concerning the processes of political leadership within the polyarchies or representative democracies. Scholars such as Bryman, Burns, Kouzes, Linz, or Posner define the political leadership as a relationship of exchange between a leader and his followers by way of the vision that the former conveys as a motivational factor. Based on this notion and in connection with Pierre Bourdieu's structural-constructivist approach we argue the pertinence of studying political leadership by integrating its subjective and objective dimensions. Hence, political leadership is considered, on the one hand, as a socio-culturally constructed phenomenon, stressing especially the notions of frame, habitus, field, and symbolic capital; while proposing on the other hand a diachronic study of political leadership aimed at understanding the real process of symbolic capital accumulation by political leaders.