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IntroductionThe worldwide pandemic exacerbated the new role of the media.If previously the discussion was on whether new or traditional media had primacy in popularity and exposure, nowadays the question is whether communicating health issues through social and traditional media leads to understanding their content better and to more trust in both types of media.ObjectivesWe set the following objectives for this study:(1) to examine trust in the traditional and new media among university students,(2) according to the level of media trust to compose a psychological portrait,establish the most prevalent coping strategies,and emotional reactions to the pandemic.Methods213 university students (55.9% women,Mage=19 years) were tested from December 2020-March 2021.We examined the attitude towards information on coronavirus presented in the media and to investigate the level of severity of neurotic states,the level of psychological stress,and basic coping strategies used by respondents.Resultsshowed that although students generally prefer to use Internet news, trust in traditional media increased during the pandemic. We examined a general psychological portrait of young people derived from trust in the media. In the group of students who trust media information, we found indifference (39% of respondents) and helplessness (24.4%). In the group convinced that the media are hiding the actual state of affairs, anger prevailed (32.4%). The third group, confident that the media exaggerate everything, experienced indifference and anger (38.5% and 32.7%, respectively).ConclusionsWe may conclude that desire to learn more accurate and unbiased information firsthand indicates students’ attitude towards traditional media as more reliable sources of information.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Regional- and continental-scale hydrologic models are increasingly important forecasting tools, yet they rely on highly variable channel parameters (e.g. width, depth, hydraulic resistance) that remain unquantified for millions of stream reaches across the country. Existing hydrologic models utilize over-simplified channel geometries that directly impact the accuracy of streamflow estimates, with cascading effects for water resource and hazard prediction. Here, we present a hydraulic geometry dataset, termed ‘HyG’, derived from discharge field measurements at U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream gages across the conterminous United States (CONUS). The HyG dataset includes (1) at-a-station hydraulic geometry parameters, (2) at-a-station hydraulic resistance (Manning’s n) calculated from the Manning equation, (3) daily discharge percentiles, and (4) regionalized downstream hydraulic geometry parameters based on HUC4 (Hydrologic Unit Code 4), derived from a total of 4,051,682 individual measurements from 66,841 total gages. The regionalized HyG dataset can be used directly to improve channel representations in models over CONUS. The original HyG relationships can also be regionalized for finer scales if required.

Variability in terrestrial water storage (ΔS) and its major components—soil moisture, snow, surface water, and groundwater—impacts water resource management, sediment and nutrient transport rates, atmospheric water and energy fluxes, ecological responses to floods and droughts, and numerous other processes. Despite its importance, means of measuring ΔS directly have only recently become available through advances in geodetic monitoring. We investigate the potential of GPS (Global Positioning System) vertical displacements (dz) to advance the state of the art in ΔS estimation. We first investigate the accuracy of ΔS inverted from dz time series. We calculate synthetic dz at GPS station locations from predicted elastic responses to a ΔS distribution comprised of model-based snow water equivalent (SWE) and soil moisture. ΔS inverted from synthetic dz is compared to the input distribution. We find that recovered ΔS exhibits mass leakage from mountain ranges to surrounding areas. We develop a method for correcting this leakage with gain factors which vary based on loading patterns and station distribution. We analyze seasonal ΔS in California’s Sierra Nevada inverted from 924 GPS stations in the western United States. We consider ΔS in the context of seasonal snow accumulation and melt over water years 2008-2017. Variations in GPS-based ΔS differ in both magnitude and timing from those of SWE. We conclude that seasonal ΔS fluctuations are not dominated by SWE, but by rainfall and snowmelt stored in the shallow subsurface (as soil moisture and/or groundwater) and released through evapotranspiration. Seasonal peak GPS ΔS is larger than estimates of accumulated precipitation, indicating that mountain precipitation may be underestimated. We investigate the potential use of GPS dz as a mass constraint for land surface models (LSMs), which solve terrestrial water and energy balances and output ΔS. We simulate ΔS with 500 iterations of the VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) LSM, using varied soil parameter sets. We calculate synthetic dz from VIC-simulated ΔS, and compare to observed GPS dz. We find that agreement between observed and synthetic dz can be improved with calibration of soil parameters; however, biases in meteorological forcing data may also influence this agreement.

The current study evaluated the relation between assisted reproductive technology (ART) and women's prenatal caregiving representations. In addition, this study investigated how mental distress, partner support, and grief associated with prior pregnancy loss contributed to caregiving representations. The study sample consisted of 299 pregnant women, 235 of whom conceived naturally and 64 who conceived using reproductive assistance. Participants were recruited by study announcement through parenting websites and reproductive clinics. Each participant completed an online questionnaire comprised of the Brief Symptom Inventory assessing psychological symptoms, the Reciprocal Attachment Questionnaire evaluating perceived partner support, and the Perinatal Grief Scale measuring grief associated with prior pregnancy-related loss. Two dimensions of caregiving representations were examined. The Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale evaluated the bond between mother and fetus; the Prenatal Caregiving Experiences Questionnaire assessed thoughts and feelings about becoming a parent. Results demonstrated a statistically significant difference between groups regarding caregiving helplessness. The ART group demonstrated higher caregiving helplessness when thinking about themselves as parents than the nonART group. Statistically significant findings were also discovered between conception groups for mental distress and partner support. Contrary to expectation, ART women reported lower mental distress and perceived higher partner support than nonART women. The ART group experienced significantly more pregnancy losses than the nonART group.

This article reviews the finishing and processing of metal wastes for land disposal. Topics of discussion include regulatory aspects, heavy metal treatment, cyanide treatment, waste minimization programs and techniques, and sludge treatment.