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Wind power, solar power and water power are technologies that can be used as the main sources of renewable energy so that the target of decarbonisation in the energy sector can be achieved. However, when compared with conventional power plants, they have a significant difference. The share of renewable energy has made a difference and posed various challenges, especially in the power generation system. The reliability of the power system can achieve the decarbonization target but this objective often collides with several challenges and failures, such that they make achievement of the target very vulnerable, Even so, the challenges and technological solutions are still very rarely discussed in the literature. This study carried out specific investigations on various technological solutions and challenges, especially in the power system domain. The results of the review of the solution matrix and the interrelated technological challenges are the most important parts to be developed in the future. Developing a matrix with various renewable technology solutions can help solve RE challenges. The potential of the developed technological solutions is expected to be able to help and prioritize them especially cost-effective energy. In addition, technology solutions that are identified in groups can help reduce certain challenges. The categories developed in this study are used to assist in determining the specific needs and increasing transparency of the renewable energy integration process in the future.

Abundant potential of renewable energy (RE) in Indonesia is predicted to replace conventional energy which continues to experience depletion year by year. However, until now, the use of RE has only reached 2% of the existing potential of 441.7 GW. The main overview of this work is to investigate the availability of RE that can be utilized for electricity generation in Indonesia. National energy demand and targets in the long run during the 2017–2050 period are also discussed. Besides, government policies in supporting RE development are considered in this work. The results show that the potential of RE in Indonesia can be utilized and might replace conventional energy for decades. The use of RE for electricity generation can be achieved by employing a government policy that supports the investor as the executor of RE development. The selling price of electricity generated from RE is cheaper than electricity generated from fossils; this makes economy is more affordable for people. Finally, the target set by the government for utilizing RE as the main energy in Indonesia can be done by implementing several policies for the RE development. Thus, greenhouse gas emissions and the use of petroleum fuels can be reduced.

This study aims to investigate the efficiency level of absorption of heavy metals Cd, Pb, and Hg. Combustion is carried out using coal with the addition of absorbent ratios of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. The adsorbent used is natural zeolite which is widely available and inexpensive. This study provides practical implications for the easy and inexpensive removal of heavy metal emissions during combustion. The results show that the maximum efficiency level for Cd metal reached 22.96% which was recorded at a temperature of 600 °C for an adsorbent ratio of 10%. The maximum efficiency level of Pb metal from the experimental results was obtained at a temperature of 600 °C with an adsorbent ratio of 10% to 10.83%. Meanwhile, the efficiency level for Hg metal produced was 0.05% which was recorded at the adsorbent ratio of 10% at 800 °C. The maximum total capacity of Pb metal for each tested combustion temperature was 600 °C 39.85 mg/kg, 700 °C 25.43 mg/kg, and 800 °C 7.21 mg/kg. On the other words, the higher the combustion temperature tested, the lower the absorption efficiency rate obtained.

Pollution continues to experience a rapid increase so cities in the world have required the use of renewable energy. One of the keys that can prevent climate change with a sustainable system is renewable energy. Renewable energy production, especially for hybrid systems from biomass and wind, is the objective of the analysis in this work. The potential of feedstock for different biofuels such as bio-diesel, bio-ethanol, bio-methane, bio-hydrogen, and biomass is also discussed in this paper. The sustainability of the energy system for the long term is the main focus of work in this investigation. The configuration of the hybrid system between biomass energy and wind energy as well as some problems from various design factors are also presented. Based on the findings, this alternative energy utilization through biomass-based hybrids can save costs and improve environmental conditions, especially for the electrification of off-grid rural areas. This paper will provide important information to policymakers, academics, and investors, especially in carrying out the development and factors related to the utilization of wind-biomass-based hybrid energy systems.

The development of information technology is increasingly rapid, then new ideas emerge in the world of information technology, for example in information delivery of information in an area is a very important service to be conveyed by village officials to each community. Considering the need for news information quickly, it requires technology to create an information portal system that can be used for the delivery of information to every community so that the community can quickly see the information. The purpose of this study was to implement an information portal in the village of LambeugakKuta Cot Glie, Aceh Besar District, Aceh Province. After conducting the research, it was obtained the results that the implementation of the information portal made it easier for the community to obtain internal and external information about the village, because it could easily open the portal website, besides important information the community could also see the number of people in the village of lambeugak. The information portal also provides facilities to view village projects that have been done, so this portal is used for information, but can also be used to backup project data in the village.

Biomass from palm oil is a renewable energy source that can be utilized and has very promising availability. Biomass energy is a renewable and sustainable energy that can replace conventional (fossil) fuels. The main objective of the experiment in this article is to analyze the combustion temperature, emissions, and efficiency of palm oil biomass fuel to use and applied in rural/remote areas. The palm oil biomass used in this study is palm kernel shells, empty fruit bunches, oil palm midrib, and oil palm fibers. The experiments in the research carried out in a fluidized-bed combustion chamber designed explicitly with capacities of up to 5 kg of biomass. The results of operations on fluidized-bed when the valve is open 100%, 75%, and 50% with overall palm oil biomass show a high combustion temperature. The highest combustion temperature was recorded in the TC test for 100% open valves with 3 kg biomass of 943°C. While the minimum combustion temperature obtained on TF2 at 50% open valve with 1 kg biomass of 619°C, overall combustion temperatures in this experiment showed high results. The maximum emission for O2 is 20.4% which is obtained at 50% open valve, while for CO2 the maximum emission is produced when 100% open valve is 19.9% with a biomass weight of 1 kg and 3 kg, respectively. The yield for maximum combustion efficiency when using 1 kg of biomass recorded at 50% open valve was 94.9%. While the minimum efficiency of 87.7% is obtained when the valve is 100% open with biomass of 2 kg. As the biomass fuel used in fluidized-bed increases, the combustion temperature also increases significantly.

Investigation of combustion temperature through experiments with a wide range of fuels, both solid and liquid, is continuously being conducted by scientists around the world, while the measurement of heat transfer rate can be analyzed when the combustion process occurs. Previous research has generally been conducted using liquefied gas, fossil fuels, and alcohol additives. Specifically, the research in this work investigated the convection heat rate and combustion temperature through the modification of the perforated plate. The experiment was conducted in the fluidized-bed combustor (FBC) fuel chamber using solid waste fuel of oil palm biomass. Measurements were performed at four different points using the HotTemp HT-306 Digital Thermometer. The results of the experiment showed that the convection heat rate in measurement one (M-I) reached 8.258 W/m2 for palm kernel shell (PKS) fuel. Meanwhile, in measurement two (M-II), the convection rate of 7.392 W/m2 was produced by oil palm midrib (OPM) fuel. The highest combustion temperature was recorded with OPM fuel (884°C) at M-I. However, the combustion temperature of the PKS combustion process is higher at 896°C but shows a less good trend than OPM. Overall, the measurement results of the three types of fuel used to modify the perforated plate applied in the FBC fuel chamber are excellent. It can be proven that the fuel is put into the combustion chamber with nothing left.

Combustion efficiency is one of the most important parameters especially in the fluidized-bed combustor. Investigations into the efficiency of combustion in fluidized-bed combustor fuels using solid biomass waste fuels in recent years are increasingly in demand by researchers around the world. Specifically, this study aims to calculate the combustion efficiency in the fluidized-bed combustor. Combustion efficiency is calculated based on combustion results from the modification of hollow plates in the fluidized-bed combustor. The modified hollow plate aims to control combustion so that the fuel incorporated can burn out and not saturate. The combustion experiments were tested using palm oil biomass solid waste fuels such as palm kernel shell, oil palm midrib, and empty fruit bunches. The results of the measurements showed that the maximum combustion temperature for the palm kernel shell fuel reached 863 °C for M1 and 887 °C for M2. The maximum combustion temperature measurements for M1 and M2 from the oil palm midrib fuel testing reached 898 °C and 858 °C, respectively, while the maximum combustion temperature for M1 and M2 from the empty fruit bunches fuel was 667 °C and M2 847 °C, respectively. The rate of combustion efficiency with the modification of the hole plate in the fluidized-bed combustor reached 96.2%. Thermal efficiency in fluidized-bed combustors for oil palm midrib was 72.62%, for PKS was 70.03%, and for empty fruit bunches was 52.43%. The highest heat transfer rates for the oil palm midrib fuel reached 7792.36 W/m2, palm kernel shell 7167.38 W/m2, and empty fruit bunches 5127.83 W/m2. Thus, the modification of the holed plate in the fluidized-bed combustor chamber showed better performance of the plate than without modification.

An experimental study was carried out for measuring vibrations, noise and combustion characteristics associated correlations using a four-cylinder spark ignition engine. This study aims to investigate the effects of vibrations and noise on spark-polishing machines that are triggered by pure gasoline. This test runs at 15% engine load and 20% with engine speed 1000-2200 rpm at intervals of 300 rpm. The measurement of engine vibration in pistonic uses PCB Piezotronics ICP® Accelerometer (352C22). Overall tests that have been carried out for 20% loads at 1900 and 2200 maximum vibrations, the velocity is 0.214 and 0.234, compared to 0.617 and 0.562 for 15% loads. From the results of engine vibration analysis, it can be reported that increasing engine speed and the load is given engine vibration can significantly decrease. Generally, noise increases for all samples tested; however, reduced noise is recorded when speed and engine load increase. This observation is also consistent with other observations related to vibration and combustion noise, heat release rates, and ignition delays.

Crude palm oil production Indonesia especially in Aceh every year continues to increase because the consumption of its derivative products such as cosmetics, food and fuel increases. The increasing demand for CPO has caused palm oil companies expanding their plantations. Based on data from the Ministry of Agriculture in 2018, the total area of Indonesian palm oil reaches 14.3 million hectares. The focus of this paper aims to evaluate the cradle to gate impact produced at land preparation, the nursery stage and the process of producing palm oil. Life cycle assessment is used to evaluate the impact of product for its entire life cycle. This research was conducted with simulation using SimaPro 9.0 software and impact 2002+ method. The results of the data processing with the simulation showed that fertilization stage was the stage with the largest impact with persentage 83% of the category, namely human health, ecosystem quality, climate change and resources 0.0000567 DALY, 9.44 PDF.m 2 .year, 148 kg CO 2 eq and 1650 main MJ, respectively. Meanwhile, the processing of palm oil into CPO the largest environmental impact was in the category of non-renewable energy and global warming of 90 MJ and 9.6 kg CO 2 eq.