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The author in this text examines four authors from the third world, all of whom have engaged in a critique of the relationship between Islam and the West.

A police inquiry under Inspector Frédéric Dorval, reassigned to Martinique after 15 years with the French metropolitan police force, leads us through a marginal netherworld of the common people living an impoverished existence, a world of jobless people, street vendors, hawkers, prostitutes, fishermen, thieves, etc., whose lives are animated by the combats of the damier, cockfights, movies, and sexual encounters. (Rushdie 120, 124-25) To understand their Caribbeanness, according to Edouard Glissant, the Creole people had to keep a \"clear consciousness\" of their relations with both Africa and Europe, thus needing to scrutinize the chaos of this new humanity that we are, to understand what the Caribbean is; to perceive the meaning of this Caribbean civilization which is still stammering and immobile; to embrace \"our space in the world; to explore \"our reality from a cathartic perspective; to decompose what we are while purifying what we are by fully exhibiting to the sun of consciousness the hidden mechanisms of our alienation; to plunge in our singularity, to explore it in a projective way, to reach out for what we are\" (Bernabé et al 83-84; Glissant cited) From this consciousness is thrown up the barrier of mistrust and suspicion between the common Creole people and the authorities, the whites and their surrogates. The Writing of Memory\"]. [...]the writer sets out to fashion the fusion of the spoken word and the written word. Since a \"renifleur\" is someone who snifts out, or is on the scent of, something or someone, the phrase prompts us to surmise that the true detectives in the two novels are Chamoiseau and Confiant themselves, who have set out to detect the situation and location of créolité.

Background: The integrity of articular cartilage in patients with osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) guides treatment. The ability to predict cartilage integrity in OLTs, as previously published for OCD of the knee1, would be beneficial. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association of radiographic and MRI findings and articular cartilage integrity at the time of ankle arthroscopy for OLTs. Methods: A single-institution retrospective review identified patients 19 years of age and younger with operative treatment of OLTs from 2010 – 2017. Demographics and intra-operative findings at the time of ankle arthroscopy were identified by chart review. Radiographs were assessed for physeal status, OLT location, and Berndt and Hardy grade. MRIs were reviewed for OLT size and location, modified Kramer grade, and cartilage status. Results: 53 patients with 54 OLTs and a mean age of 13.6 years (range 7 – 19 years) were included. OLTs were located in the posteromedial talus in 39 patients (72%). Physeal status was closed/closing in 32 patients (59%) and open in 22 patients (41%). On MRI, the cartilage was predicted to be disrupted in 40 patients (74%) and intact in 14 patients (26%). At the time of ankle arthroscopy, the cartilage was found to be disrupted in 38 OLTs (70%) and intact in 16 OLTs (30%). Table 1 lists variables predictive of cartilage integrity. Table 1. Summary of Cohort: Overall and by Cartilage Integrity Determined by Arthroscopy Variable Level N Overall Disrupted Intact P-Value N=54 N=38 N=16 Physeal Status closed 54 27 (50%) 22 (57.89%) 5 (31.25%) 0.018 closing 5 (9.26%) 5 (13.16%) 0 (0.00%) open 22 (40.74%) 11 (28.95%) 11 (68.75%) Radiographic Grade 1 54 14 (25.93%) 4 (10.53%) 10 (62.5%) <.001 2 16 (29.63%) 11 (28.95%) 5 (31.25%) 3 20 (37.04%) 19 (50%) 1 (6.25%) 4 4 (7.41%) 4 (10.53%) 0 (0.00%) MRI Grade 1 54 14 (25.93%) 2 (5.26%) 12 (75%) <.001 2 25 (46.3%) 22 (57.89%) 3 (18.75%) 3 14 (25.93%) 13 (34.21%) 1 (6.25%) 4 1 (1.85%) 1 (2.63%) 0 (0.00%) Cartilage on MRI Disrupted 54 40 (74.07%) 36 (94.74%) 4 (25%) <.001 Intact 14 (25.93%) 2 (5.26%) 12 (75%) MRI classification of cartilage integrity was 95% sensitive and 75% specific for arthroscopic integrity, with 11% misclassification. In the 16 patients less than 13 years, MRI perfectly predicted arthroscopic cartilage integrity. In patients with open physes, MRI sensitivity was 92% and specificity 100%. In patients with closing/closed physes, MRI sensitivity was 89% and specificity 50%. Receiver operator curve characteristics of a model to predict arthroscopic cartilage integrity combining MRI cartilage integrity, physeal status, and radiographic grade has an AUC of 0.955. Conclusions: Physeal status, radiographic grade, MRI grade, and cartilage integrity on MRI are independent predictors of cartilage integrity at the time of ankle arthroscopy for patients with OLTs. Overall, MRI has 95% sensitivity and 75% specificity for cartilage integrity at the time of arthroscopy, which improves to near 100% sensitivity and specificity in patients with open physes. A model combining MRI cartilage integrity, physeal status, and radiographic grade has the highest predictability of intra-operative cartilage integrity. SIegaSll E, Faust JR, Herzog MM, Marshall KW, Willimon SC, Busch MT. Age predicts disruption of the articular surface of femoral condyles in knee OCD: can we reduce usage of arthroscopy and MRI? J Pediatr Orthop 2018;38:176-180.

Background: All–soft tissue suture anchors provide advantages of decreased removal of bone and decreased glenoid volume occupied compared with traditional tap or screw-in suture anchors. Previous published data have led to biomechanical concerns with the use of first-generation all-soft suture anchors. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the load to 2-mm displacement and ultimate load to failure of a second-generation all-soft suture anchor, compared with a first-generation anchor and a traditional PEEK (polyether ether ketone) anchor. The null hypothesis was that the newer second-generation anchor will demonstrate no difference in loads to 2-mm displacement after cycling compared with first-generation all-soft suture anchors. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Twenty human cadaveric glenoids were utilized to create 97 total suture anchor sites, and 1 of 3 anchors were randomized and placed into each site: (1) first-generation all-soft suture anchor (Juggerknot; Biomet), (2) second-generation all-soft suture anchor (Suturefix; Smith & Nephew), and (3) a control PEEK anchor (Bioraptor; Smith & Nephew). After initial cyclic loading, load to 2 mm of displacement and ultimate load to failure were measured for each anchor. Results: After cyclic loading, the load to 2-mm displacement was significantly less in first-generation anchors compared with controls (P < .01). However, the load to 2-mm displacement was significantly greater in second-generation anchors compared with controls (P < .01). There was no difference in ultimate load to failure between the first- and second-generation all-soft suture anchors (P > .05). Conclusion: The newer generation all-soft suture anchors with a theoretically more rigid construct and deployment configuration demonstrate biomechanical characteristics (specifically, with load to 2-mm displacement after cyclic loading) that are improved over first-generation all-soft suture anchors and similar to a traditional solid tap-in anchor. The configuration of these newer generation all-soft suture anchors appears to mitigate the biomechanical concerns of decreased load to failure with first-generation all–soft tissue suture anchors. Clinical Relevance: The theoretical advantages of all-soft anchors may be particularly valuable in revision surgery or in cases where multiple anchors are being placed into a small anatomic area.

Moroccan writer Tahar ben Jelloun's \"The Sandchild\" graphically explores the problem of sexuality and its ties to much more extended social and political problems. This theme is examined and discussed.

In his \"L'Isole soleil,\" Daniel Maximin attempts to rewrite the Antillean history. The re-inscription of the other America seen through the tormented mind of the main character, Caliban, is discussed.