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"Ernst, J."
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Lactate biosensors: current status and outlook
Many research efforts over the last few decades have been devoted to sensing lactate as an important analytical target in clinical care, sport medicine, and food processing. Therefore, research in designing lactate sensors is no longer in its infancy and now is more directed toward viable sensors for direct applications. In this review, we provide an overview of the most immediate and relevant developments toward this end, and we discuss and assess common transduction approaches. Further, we critically describe the pros and cons of current commercial lactate sensors and envision how future sensing design may benefit from emerging new technologies.
Journal Article
Architects' data
\"Architects' Data provides an essential reference for the initial design and planning of a building project. Organised largely by building type it covers planning criteria and considerations of function and siting, and with over 6200 diagrams it provides a mass of data on spatial requirements. Most illustrations are dimensioned and each building type includes plans, sections, site layouts and design details. An extensive bibliography and a detailed set of metric/imperial conversion tables are included. Since it was first published in Germany in 1936, Ernst Neufert's handbook has been progressively revised and updated through 41 editions and many translations. This fifth edition of the English language version, based on the most recent German 41st edition, provides a major new edition for an international readership\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The orbital motion, absolute mass and high-altitude winds of exoplanet HD 209458b
An exoplanet's mass
Most of the known exoplanets were discovered using the radial velocity method, measuring the 'wobble' induced in the host stars by their orbiting companions. If the orbital velocity of the planet can also be determined, it becomes possible to calculate the masses of both the star and its exoplanet without the need for further assumptions or model dependencies. That has now been achieved for the well-studied 'hot Jupiter' HD 209458b, based on spectroscopic measurements of the changing Doppler shift of molecular absorption lines of carbon monoxide, observed as the planet passed between its host star and the Earth. The masses of the star and planet are 1.00±0.22 solar masses and 0.64±0.09 jovian masses respectively. Also revealed — as blueshift of the carbon monoxide signal with respect to host star velocity — a strong wind flowing at high altitude from the irradiated dayside to the non-irradiated nightside of the planet.
If the orbital velocity of an extrasolar planet could be determined, the masses of both the planet and its host star could be calculated using Newton's law of gravity. Here, high-dispersion ground-based spectroscopy of a transit of the extrasolar planet HD 209458b is reported. This allowed the radial component of the planet's orbital velocity to be calculated, and thus the masses of star and planet. Moreover, a strong wind flowing from the irradiated dayside to the non-irradiated nightside of the planet is suggested.
For extrasolar planets discovered using the radial velocity method
1
, the spectral characterization of the host star leads to a mass estimate of the star and subsequently of the orbiting planet. If the orbital velocity of the planet could be determined, the masses of both star and planet could be calculated using Newton’s law of gravity, just as in the case of stellar double-line eclipsing binaries. Here we report high-dispersion ground-based spectroscopy of a transit of the extrasolar planet HD 209458b. We see a significant wavelength shift in absorption lines from carbon monoxide in the planet’s atmosphere, which we conclude arises from a change in the radial component of the planet’s orbital velocity. The masses of the star and planet are 1.00 ± 0.22
M
Sun
and 0.64 ± 0.09
M
Jup
respectively. A blueshift of the carbon monoxide signal of approximately 2 km s
−1
with respect to the systemic velocity of the host star suggests the presence of a strong wind flowing from the irradiated dayside to the non-irradiated nightside of the planet within the 0.01–0.1 mbar atmospheric pressure range probed by these observations. The strength of the carbon monoxide signal suggests a carbon monoxide mixing ratio of (1–3) × 10
−3
in this planet’s upper atmosphere.
Journal Article
A German officer in occupied Paris : the war journals, 1941-1945 : including \Notes from the Caucasus\ and \Kirchhorst diaries\
\"Over an amazing 80-year career as a writer, Ernst Jünger (1895-1998) fought in WWI, became a leading writer of \"soldierly nationalism\" in the 1920s, and produced possibly the only anti-Nazi novel during the Third Reich, On the Marble Cliffs. Jünger's seeming moral ambiguities have made him the subject of much controversy in his home country. He has long been the subject of a series of highly charged debates about his work, and his presentation with the Goethe Prize (Germany's highest literary honor) in 1982 revived an old charge that Jünger had helped pave the way for fascism. The French, however, regard him as Germany's greatest twentieth-century author. Jünger's war diaries are important historical documents. He rejoined the army in 1941 and was sent to Paris, where he was in a unique position to observe the German occupation of France from the point of view of an occupier, but one who was not blinded by Nazi ideology. The First Paris Diary begins in 1941, when Jünger began his war duties as a mail censor of the occupying regime, and ends in October of 1942, as he leaves Paris to travel to the Eastern Front. Through his high-level contacts, Jünger was aware of the situation on the Eastern front and the atrocities being committed there. He was also a member of a secret circle of aristocratic officers, led by Rommel, who opposed Hitler's conduct of the war and were conspiring to arrest him in France in 1944 and turn him over to allies in exchange for lenient armistice conditions. In addition to descriptions of his official duties, the diaries describe Jünger's wanderings through Parisian bookshops and cafes, his conversations at salons with French intellectuals, and his reflections on books and nature (he was a trained biologist)\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The signature of orbital motion from the dayside of the planet τ Boötis b
The detection of carbon monoxide absorption in the spectrum of the extrasolar planet τ Boötis b, and its tracing of the change in the radial velocity of the planet, demonstrates that atmospheric characterization is possible for non-transiting planets.
Carbon monoxide on exoplanet τ Boötis b
For more than a decade, the giant exoplanet orbiting τ Boötis has been closely observed. Its orbital inclination has been estimated on several occasions but with conflicting results. Now high-resolution infrared spectroscopy measurements from the Very Large Telescope array at the European Southern Observatory in Chile have been used to detect carbon monoxide in the thermal day-side atmosphere of the planet τ Boötis b while it was non-transiting. Previously a planet has had to be in transit across its host star for such observations to be made. From the spectral signature, the authors calculate an orbital inclination of about 44.5 degrees, and mass of about 5.95 times that of Jupiter. This new ground-based high-resolution spectroscopy technique should be generally applicable to the observation of atmospheres on other exoplanets.
The giant planet orbiting τ Boötis (named τ Boötis b) was amongst the first extrasolar planets to be discovered
1
. It is one of the brightest exoplanets and one of the nearest to us, with an orbital period of just a few days. Over the course of more than a decade, measurements of its orbital inclination have been announced
2
and refuted
3
, and have hitherto remained elusive
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
. Here we report the detection of carbon monoxide absorption in the thermal dayside spectrum of τ Boötis b. At a spectral resolution of ∼100,000, we trace the change in the radial velocity of the planet over a large range in phase, determining an orbital inclination of 44.5° ± 1.5° and a mass 5.95 ± 0.28 times that of Jupiter, demonstrating that atmospheric characterization is possible for non-transiting planets. The strong absorption signal points to an atmosphere with a temperature that is decreasing towards higher altitudes, in contrast to the temperature inversion inferred for other highly irradiated planets
9
,
10
. This supports the hypothesis that the absorbing compounds believed to cause such atmospheric inversions are destroyed in τ Boötis b by the ultraviolet emission from the active host star
11
.
Journal Article
Neuronal Lipid Metabolism: Multiple Pathways Driving Functional Outcomes in Health and Disease
Lipids are a fundamental class of organic molecules implicated in a wide range of biological processes related to their structural diversity, and based on this can be broadly classified into five categories; fatty acids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), phospholipids, sterol lipids and sphingolipids. Different lipid classes play major roles in neuronal cell populations; they can be used as energy substrates, act as building blocks for cellular structural machinery, serve as bioactive molecules, or a combination of each. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dysfunctions in lipid metabolism and function have been identified as potential drivers of pathogenesis. In particular, aberrant lipid metabolism is proposed to underlie denervation of neuromuscular junctions, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, impaired neuronal transport, cytoskeletal defects, inflammation and reduced neurotransmitter release. Here we review current knowledge of the roles of lipid metabolism and function in the CNS and discuss how modulating these pathways may offer novel therapeutic options for treating ALS.
Journal Article
British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patients at risk of gastric adenocarcinoma
Gastric adenocarcinoma carries a poor prognosis, in part due to the late stage of diagnosis. Risk factors include Helicobacter pylori infection, family history of gastric cancer—in particular, hereditary diffuse gastric cancer and pernicious anaemia. The stages in the progression to cancer include chronic gastritis, gastric atrophy (GA), gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) and dysplasia. The key to early detection of cancer and improved survival is to non-invasively identify those at risk before endoscopy. However, although biomarkers may help in the detection of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis, there is insufficient evidence to support their use for population screening. High-quality endoscopy with full mucosal visualisation is an important part of improving early detection. Image-enhanced endoscopy combined with biopsy sampling for histopathology is the best approach to detect and accurately risk-stratify GA and GIM. Biopsies following the Sydney protocol from the antrum, incisura, lesser and greater curvature allow both diagnostic confirmation and risk stratification for progression to cancer. Ideally biopsies should be directed to areas of GA or GIM visualised by high-quality endoscopy. There is insufficient evidence to support screening in a low-risk population (undergoing routine diagnostic oesophagogastroduodenoscopy) such as the UK, but endoscopic surveillance every 3 years should be offered to patients with extensive GA or GIM. Endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection of visible gastric dysplasia and early cancer has been shown to be efficacious with a high success rate and low rate of recurrence, providing that specific quality criteria are met.
Journal Article
Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in young adults in Europe over the last 25 years
ObjectiveThe incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) declines among subjects aged 50 years and above. An opposite trend appears among younger adults. In Europe, data on CRC incidence among younger adults are lacking. We therefore aimed to analyse European trends in CRC incidence and mortality in subjects younger than 50 years.DesignData on age-related CRC incidence and mortality between 1990 and 2016 were retrieved from national and regional cancer registries. Trends were analysed by Joinpoint regression and expressed as annual percent change.ResultsWe retrieved data on 143.7 million people aged 20–49 years from 20 European countries. Of them, 187 918 (0.13%) were diagnosed with CRC. On average, CRC incidence increased with 7.9% per year among subjects aged 20–29 years from 2004 to 2016. The increase in the age group of 30–39 years was 4.9% per year from 2005 to 2016, the increase in the age group of 40–49 years was 1.6% per year from 2004 to 2016. This increase started earliest in subjects aged 20–29 years, and 10–20 years later in those aged 30–39 and 40–49 years. This is consistent with an age-cohort phenomenon. Although in most European countries the CRC incidence had risen, some heterogeneity was found between countries. CRC mortality did not significantly change among the youngest adults, but decreased with 1.1%per year between 1990 and 2016 and 2.4% per year between 1990 and 2009 among those aged 30–39 years and 40–49 years, respectively.ConclusionCRC incidence rises among young adults in Europe. The cause for this trend needs to be elucidated. Clinicians should be aware of this trend. If the trend continues, screening guidelines may need to be reconsidered.
Journal Article