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ABSTRACT Introduction: Urothelial carcinomas (UC) represent the sixth most common tumor by incidence, involving the lower or upper urinary tracts (UTUC) (1). High-risk patients should be treated by nephroureterectomy with complete bladder cuff excision (2), conservative approach is reserved for low-risk UTUCs and/or imperative cases (3). Materials and Methods: We present a 70-year-old male patient, smoker, with history of urothelial carcinoma. He underwent distal ureterectomy with ileal replacement in April 2019. Since then, he has developed several UTUC recurrences bilaterally and in the bladder, which have been treated conservatively. In August 2023, CT- scan showed multiple recurrences in the left kidney and ureter. Hence, on November 2023, we performed cystoscopy, monopolar resection of bladder tumor and bilateral flexible ureteroscopy (fURS) with pulsed thulium:YAG (p-Tm:YAG) ablation of the tumors. We performed a no-touch technique fURS with Video Uretero-Renoscope FLEX-XC1 by Storz. After this, we placed an ureteral access sheath and then a biopsy by using a tipless basket. The laser fiber used was 272 μm and the laser settings were 0.8 J – 10 Hz – Long pulse Ablation (10 W). Results: The pathological results showed UTUC bilaterally and high-grade UC in the bladder. Then, he underwent intravenous therapy with enfortumab - vedotin and the follow-ups, in February 2024 and June 2024, showed no evidence of recurrences at the multiple biopsies. Conclusion: The p-Tm:YAG laser can be considered a valid alternative option for the conservative treatment of UTUCs. With that said, stringent follow-up remains a mainstay in the conservative treatment of imperative cases of UTUC.

The detection of Jaguars, Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758), and Pumas, Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771), in the Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve, northeastern Guatemala, represents a pivotal step in understanding the distributional range of these apex predators in the country. Using camera traps, we documented 12 independent records of Puma and one of Jaguar, including the remarkable presence of Jaguars at elevations above 2000 m, which suggests new directions for ecological research and high-altitude conservation strategies. These findings have important implications for the long-term survival and conservation of these species within Jaguar Conservation Units, emphasizing the necessity of effective management measures that promote functional connectivity through habitat preservation and restoration, especially for populations outside the Mayan Biosphere Reserve.

Los costos de traspaso y los efectos de red pueden disuadir la competencia en los mercados de telecomunicaciones al crear un efecto encierro que reduce la movilidad de los consumidores entre los diferentes operadores. El tema ha sido investigado en el contexto internacional, pero hasta el día de hoy las conclusiones no han sido unánimes; además, en países como México, la investigación es escasa. El análisis aporta una estimación de los costos de traspaso para México en el periodo 2007-2016. Asimismo, se evalúa el impacto de los costos de traspaso decrecientes sobre la movilidad de los consumidores y la concentración de mercado, y se encuentra que tienen un efecto favorable.

Antecedentes: las telecomunicaciones son servicios que se prestan con infraestructura de carácter multifactorial, la cual resulta relevante por su impacto sobre el desempeño económico y el nivel de vida de la población. No hay una propuesta que mida de manera exclusiva la infraestructura sectorial y que sea aplicada a nivel local, por lo que se hace necesario contar con una métrica con ese objetivo. Metodología: el estudio se estima a través del promedio ponderado de diversos indicadores, ensayando la idoneidad de la muestra mediante pruebas y técnicas de análisis multivariado, y calculando los pesos específicos de cada indicador a través de componentes principales. Además, presenta una estratificación de los mismos con base en su nivel relativo de equipamiento. Se valida la propuesta por medio de la estimación econométrica de una relación positiva y significativa con tres indicadores de progreso económico.Resultados: el índice compuesto que se estima genera una medida diseñada exclusivamente para detectar el avance o rezago en la dotación de infraestructura.Conclusiones: se aporta un índice cuantitativo para determinar la infraestructura de telecomunicaciones con que cuentan las entidades de México, el cual es útil para el diseño de políticas públicas.

Introduction: Urothelial carcinomas (UC) represent the sixth most common tumor by incidence, involving the lower or upper urinary tracts (UTUC) (1). High-risk patients should be treated by nephroureterectomy with complete bladder cuff excision (2), conservative approach is reserved for low-risk UTUCs and/or imperative cases (3). Materials and Methods: We present a 70-year-old male patient, smoker, with history of urothelial carcinoma. He underwent distal ureterectomy with ileal replacement in April 2019. Since then, he has developed several UTUC recurrences bilaterally and in the bladder, which have been treated conservatively. In August 2023, CT- scan showed multiple recurrences in the left kidney and ureter. Hence, on November 2023, we performed cystoscopy, monopolar resection of bladder tumor and bilateral flexible ureteroscopy (fURS) with pulsed thulium:YAG (p-Tm:YAG) ablation of the tumors. We performed a no-touch technique fURS with Video Uretero-Renoscope FLEX-XC1 by Storz. After this, we placed an ureteral access sheath and then a biopsy by using a tipless basket. The laser fiber used was 272 pm and the laser settings were 0.8 J - 10 Hz - Long pulse Ablation (10 W). Results: The pathological results showed UTUC bilaterally and high-grade UC in the bladder. Then, he underwent intravenous therapy with enfortumab - vedotin and the follow-ups, in February 2024 and June 2024, showed no evidence of recurrences at the multiple biopsies. Conclusion: The p-Tm:YAG laser can be considered a valid alternative option for the conservative treatment of UTUCs. With that said, stringent follow-up remains a mainstay in the conservative treatment of imperative cases of UTUC.

The pulsed thulium:YAG (p-Tm:YAG) laser has shown encouraging results in the management of stone disease and BPH; however, its application in the endoscopic management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has not yet been clinically investigated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the p-Tm:YAG laser in the endoscopic management of UTUC. Retrospective data were collected from all patients who underwent endoscopic treatment for UTUC between January and April 2024. Eligible patients were those diagnosed with UTUC and deemed suitable for endoscopic management. Both low-grade and high-grade cases were included. All patients underwent a second-look procedure 2 months after the initial surgery, followed by endoscopic surveillance at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. The laser source used for tumor ablation and coagulation was the p-Tm:YAG laser. A total of 20 patients were included in the study. Among them, 12 patients (60%) were included in the low-risk UTUC conservative treatment group, while 8 patients (40%) were categorized into the high-risk group. At the time of the second procedure, histopathological analysis revealed no evidence of tumor in 16 cases (80%), while a tumor was identified in 4 patients (20%). No intraoperative complications were recorded. Postoperatively, 10 out of 75 procedures (13.3%) were associated with Clavien-Dindo grade I-II complications. No major complications occurred. In short-term follow-up, the use of the p-Tm:YAG laser for endoscopic UTUC treatment has proven to be safe and effective.

Los costos de traspaso y los efectos de red pueden disuadir la competencia en los mercados de telecomunicaciones al crear unefecto encierroque reduce la movilidad de los consumidores entre los diferentes operadores. El tema ha sido investigado en el contexto internacional, pero hasta el día de hoy las conclusiones no han sido unánimes; además, en países como México, la investigación es escasa. El análisis aporta una estimación de los costos de traspaso para México en el periodo 2007-2016. Asimismo, se evalúa el impacto de los costos de traspaso decrecientes sobre la movilidad de los consumidores y la concentración de mercado, y se encuentra que tienen un efecto favorable. Switching costs and network effects can deter competition in telecommunications markets, as they create a lock-in effect that reduces the mobility of consumers between operators. The subject has been studied in the international context, but their conclusions are not unanimous to-date, and are scarce when it comes to countries like Mexico. This study provides an estimate of the costs of handover in Mexico for the period from 2007 to 2016. The impact of diminishing switching costs on consumer mobility and market concentration is evaluated and found to have a favorable effect.

Background: Telecommunications services are provided with infrastructure that has a multifactorial character and that is relevant for its impact on economic performance and, therefore, on employment and the standard of living of the population. To date there is no proposal in the academy, which exclusively measures the infrastructure and has been applied at a local level. The purpose of this study is to define a quantitative index to determine the sectoral infrastructure that the different states in Mexico have. Methodology: The index is estimated through the weighted average of indicators, proving the suitability of the sample through tests and multivariate analysis techniques, and calculating the specific weights of each indicator through principal components. Results: The estimated composite index allows for a measurement designed exclusively to detect the advance or lag in infrastructure provision. Conclusions: An index to determine the sectoral infrastructure at state level is estimated. This measurement provides useful information for the definition of specific public policies. Antecedentes: las telecomunicaciones son servicios que se prestan con infraestructura de carácter multifactorial, la cual resulta relevante por su impacto sobre el desempeño económico y el nivel de vida de la población. No hay una propuesta que mida de manera exclusiva la infraestructura sectorial y que sea aplicada a nivel local, por lo que se hace necesario contar con una métrica con ese objetivo. Metodología: el estudio se estima a través del promedio ponderado de diversos indicadores, ensayando la idoneidad de la muestra mediante pruebas y técnicas de análisis multivariado, y calculando los pesos específicos de cada indicador a través de componentes principales. Además, presenta una estratificación de los mismos con base en su nivel relativo de equipamiento. Se valida la propuesta por medio de la estimación econométrica de una relación positiva y significativa con tres indicadores de progreso económico. Resultados: el índice compuesto que se estima genera una medida diseñada exclusivamente para detectar el avance o rezago en la dotación de infraestructura. Conclusiones: se aporta un índice cuantitativo para determinar la infraestructura de telecomunicaciones con que cuentan las entidades de México, el cual es útil para el diseño de políticas públicas.

The emergence of Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies allowed the development of revolutionary Internet Of Things (IoT) applications covering large areas with thousands of devices. However, connectivity may be a challenge for non-line-of-sight indoor operation or for areas without good coverage. Technologies such as LoRa and Sigfox allow connectivity for up to 50,000 devices per cell, several devices that may be exceeded in many scenarios. To deal with these problems, this paper introduces a new multi-hop protocol, called JMAC, designed for improving long range wireless communication networks that may support monitoring in scenarios such smart cities or Industry 4.0. JMAC uses the LoRa radio technology to keep low consumption and extend coverage area, and exploits the potential mesh behaviour of wireless networks to improve coverage and increase the number of supported devices per cell. JMAC is based on predictive wake-up to reach long lifetime on sensor devices. Our proposal was validated using the OMNeT++ simulator to analyze how it performs under different conditions with promising results.

Lifelong learning requires appropriate solutions, especially for corporate training. Workers usually have difficulty combining training and their normal work. In this context, micro-learning emerges as a suitable solution, since it is based on breaking down new concepts into small fragments or pills of content, which can be consumed in short periods of time. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we offer an updated overview of the research on this training paradigm, as well as the different technologies leading to potential commercial solutions. Second, we introduce a proposal to add micro-learning content to more formal distance learning environments (traditional Learning Management Systems or LMS), with the aim of taking advantage of both learning philosophies. Our approach is based on a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) that is deployed in the cloud. In order to ensure the full integration of the micro-learning approach in traditional LMSs, we have used two well-known standards in the distance learning field: LTI (Learning Tools Interoperability) and LIS (Learning Information Service). The combination of these two technologies allows the exchange of data with the LMS to monitor the student’s activity and results. Finally, we have collected the opinion of lectures from different countries in order to know their thoughts about the potential of this new approach in higher education, obtaining positive feedback.