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This study included the study of some physical and chemical properties of some samples of the solid soaps circulating in the Libyan market. These characteristics were as following : the percentage of moisture, the percentage of fatty matter, the percentage of total fatty matter, the percentage free caustic alkali, the percentage of total alkali , the percentage of chloride, the acidic function pH, the refractive index R.I, and the electrical conductivity EC. Values of the moisture content was ranged from 3.6% to 7.8%, the total fatty matter rounded in range 61.1% to 88%, the free caustic alkali was presented in region of 0.01% to 0.15%, total alkali ranged between 0.039% and 0.058%, the percentage of chloride ranged between 0.67% and 1.4% and pH was recorded between 6.29 to10.16. Finally, the values of refractive index was 1.29 as the lowest value and 2.5 as the highest value, and the electrical conductivity recorded between 324μs to 756μs.

The peel of citrus is known to be rich in essential oil. Essential oil compositions and properties vary among the citrus species and the climate factors play an important role. Essential oil to be suitable for the specific commercial uses should have basic properties. In this study, extracted oil of six citrus species [citrus sinensis, citrus aurantium, citrus nobilis, citrus reticulate and two kinds of lemon] were characterized. The moisture content ranged between 33.33% and 78.85%. and the oil yield was up to 38.85%. The other parameters were analysed as acid value, saponification number, ester number, refractive index, density and specific gravity and their highest values in this study are (7.51 mg/KOH/g), (43.24 mg/KOH/g), (149.38 mg/KOH/g), (1.4542), (0.973 g/cm3) and (1.22) respectively. These parameters showed variations with the species. The characterization of the citrus extracted oil gave its physical and chemical properties Values that indicated it could be used for production of different valuable products.

Ensuring access to clean drinking water remains a significant challenge in many developing countries, particularly in rural areas. The existing water purification methods are often inaccessible due to high costs or a lack of technical expertise. To address this issue, we have tested a simple and cost-effective method for purifying Ayin Kiam surface water, specifically for use by rural communities. This method involves utilizing an extract from Moringa oleifera leaves as a natural coagulant, flocculent, and antibacterial agent to clarify turbid water and eliminate pathogens, resulting in clean drinking water. Our research findings provide unequivocal evidence that the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves significantly improves various water quality parameters. These include pH levels (8.63-8.51), total dissolved solids (6360-4430 mg/L), conductivity (9.67-7.02 mS/cm), turbidity (123-62.4 NTU), iron ion concentration (0.08-0.0 mg/L), and coliform counts (398-177 CFU/mL). The enhancement in water quality can be attributed to the presence of diverse chemical compounds in Moringa oleifera leaves, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and carboxylic acids. The existence of these compounds has been confirmed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Previous studies have shown that these compounds have the capability to adsorb substances onto their surfaces, thereby supporting the effectiveness of aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves as an alternative for water purification. Given the severe health implications associated with chemical coagulants, the utilization of Moringa oleifera leaves as natural coagulants in water purification presents a cost-effective solution. These leaves are readily available throughout the year and are not dependent on complex climatic conditions. Thus, the use of Moringa oleifera leaves holds great promise for providing clean drinking water to rural communities in a sustainable and accessible manner.

There is ample evidence of the health and nutritional benefits of fruit juice, which is an essential component of the human diet. However, the nature of the fruits used in juicing and unhygienic processes in the value chain may cause poor-quality juice. This study aimed to study the effect of preservation and storage on some physical and chemical properties of local and imported strawberry juice samples (natural, frozen, bottled), where five samples were collected randomly from markets (Souq Al- Khamis, Qasr Al-Akhiar, Ghanima), and the volumetric method was used to estimate vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and citric acid. the most important results showed that ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in fresh strawberries was estimated at 45.79 mg/100 ml, and after only three days it became 25.54 mg/100 ml, and in frozen strawberries it was 39.6 mg/100 ml on the first day after keeping it in the refrigerator for three days, its concentration was 14.9 mg/100 ml, while in local juices the concentration ranged between (0.88- 9.7 mg/100 ml) for the first and third days, respectively. In imported juices, its concentration was 13.12 mg./100 ml on the first day and 0.88 mg/ 100 ml on the third day, while the citric acid concentration was the lowest value in the frozen juices (0.0064) and the fresh juices had the highest value. (0.49) The pH was within permissible limits, and the electrical conductivity of all juice samples increased on the second day and decreased after a week. The refractive index also decreased with increasing storage in different proportions. After a week, the results showed the lowest value in the local sample and the highest value of the refractive index for the sample (natural and frozen). The results showed a decrease in the percentage of total dissolved solids in samples of natural, frozen, and packaged juices. As the storage period lengthened, the most recorded sample was the local sample (A) (18.07) from the first day, and after a week, it decreased, and the lowest recorded sample was. (40.4)

Present study involves the determination of calcium content for five Brands of calcium supplements by using complexometric titration. (0.05M) of ethylene di amine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) was used as chelating agent. The study showed that the total calcium content in pharmaceutical samples (A, B, C, D and E) had 248mg, 395mg, 498mg, 492mg, and 797mg respectively. The statistical analysis results showed that no significant difference between the calculated and theoretical values and the proposed method given a very good recovery % (98.4 -99.62).