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This article discusses polyaniline and graphene (PANI/G) nanocomposites synthesized from aniline monomer and different weight percentages of graphene nanoparticles using chemical oxidation method at 0 °c. The characterization of the nanocomposites was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM scans indicated that the PANI and its nanocomposite exhibited a spherical morphology, with particle diameters less than 35 nm, significantly impacted by graphene. The nanocomposite was investigated as a biological sensor, and the constructed sensor demonstrated its effectiveness in detecting glucose at various concentrations. The results indicate that nanocomposites possess significant promise for many biosensor applications.

Hydroxyapatite powder Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 was prepared locally from Iraqi beef bones, and characterization the powder as well as studied purity. A composite of hydroxyapatite-alumina was also prepared with a ratio of alumina 0,5,10,15,20,25% wt. Use polyethylene glycol as a binder with 1% wt by dissolving polyethylene glycol with ethanol (1g: 100ml) at 40 °C and using a magnetic stirrer to obtain a homogeneous solution for the material. Then drying the powder and pressing to prepare compound samples, after that heat treatment at 1350°C for three hours. The physical and mechanical properties studied such as density, porosity, water absorption ratio, hardness and compression resistance, as well as X-ray diffraction and X-ray florescence. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the hydroxyapatite phase was stabilized for all prepared samples before and after heat treatment with chemical form Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, the hydroxyapatite showed a stabilization in phase before and after heat treatment without decomposition into different components.

The powder of hydroxyapatite with the chemical formula Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 was prepared locally from cow bones in the hexagonal crystal phase, and this was confirmed through the X-ray diffraction system. The proportions that formed the prepared hydroxyapatite were confirmed through the X-ray fluorescence system and found the ratio of calcium oxide to phosphorous oxide is 1.718. The hexagonal phase of the prepared hydroxyapatite was also stabilized ( fixed ) for the samples before and after the heat treatment. Some physical and mechanical properties were also conducted for the prepared samples. It was found that it is possible to prepare samples of different densities by adding different proportions of carbon (charcoal) percentage to the prepared hydroxyapatite.

In this paper, numerous and comprehensive physical and mechanical tests were carried out on various building construction materials (i.e. different kinds of floor and wall tiles, steel bars and widely used metal plate of doors and windows) to investigate how the high level of temperatures significantly impact on these materials through the physical, structural and mechanical changes. Before exposing of materials to this heating level, tests are performed on materials to be as a reference. The physical and mechanical characterization includes; compression tests, tensile tests, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) as well as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). It was observed that the high temperature led to make damages on the internal and external structure of the materials and this obviously effects on the durability of the building or may lead to its destruction. It was noticed also that this level of temperature reduced the compressive strength whereas the molecular structure is strongly influenced by this reduction. Slightly changes in tensile strength of rebar were also noticed. High temperatures level are significantly effect on the internal structure of the floor and wall tiles and fine and moderate cracks on the roofs of these tiles are appeared and reduction in the modulus of rupture of the floor and wall tiles.

The aim of this research was the synthesis of nano-hydroxyapatite enhanced with nanosilver and polymer will add the different weight of polymer PMMA Poly meth mate Scarlett to get a composite with good mechanical properties after addition at (1and 2)gm PMMA to (5gm ) hydroxyapatite and the nanosilver was added to enhanced biological properties by scanning electron microscope, SEM XRD FTIR and XRF test were achieved.

Polypyrrole and multi-walled carbon nanotube composite structures were prepared by adding nano-oxides, including ZnO, MgO, and MnO. The fabrication involved manufacturing polypyrrole, adding nano-oxides and distributing them evenly within the composite. Analytical techniques, such as SEM, EDX, and XRD, characterised the composites. XRD results showed a hexagonal crystal structure for ZnO. At the same time, MgO and MnO followed a cubic structure with differences in peak intensities, reflecting the variation in the degree of crystallinity or purity of the materials. PPy exhibits a semi-crystalline nature, with a central peak at 2θ = 25 degree, reflecting a partial arrangement of the polymer chains and an amorphous nature. XRD analyses revealed sharp and distinct peaks of metal oxides, indicating a high degree of crystallinity. When PPy is mixed with metal oxides, the characteristic peaks of each material remain clear, with the possibility of a surface reaction leading to improved physical and chemical properties. For MWCNTs, a distinct peak at 2θ = 26 degree is attributed to the 002 level and less distinct peaks at 2θ = 43 degree are associated with the multilayer graphitic structure. The average crystallite size of all prepared nanocomposites was calculated to be 43.68 nm for M4, 3.4 nm for M5, 44.22 nm for M6, 16.99 nm for M7, and 44.76 nm for M8. The EDX test results also showed the element distribution within the composite material for each sample. In addition, microscopic image examinations of the internal structures of the composite materials were performed by SEM. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into understanding the fabrication methods and characterisation techniques of PPy using ZnO, MgO, and MnO additives. The results could lead to improved future applications in energy saving, electronics, and sensors.

, the causal agent of late wilt disease (LWD), poses a significant threat to maize production by reducing grain yield and quality. Identifying and developing resistant genotypes adapted to different environments is essential for sustainable crop improvement. Fifteen maize genotypes were evaluated for their response to LWD across three growing seasons at two experimental locations-Gemmeiza and Sids. Disease incidence, agronomic performance, anatomical features, and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed. Gene expression analysis of PR1 and PR4 was conducted using RT-qPCR. Genotype × environment interaction (GEI) was analyzed using combined ANOVA and the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. Significant differences were observed among genotypes, environments, and their interactions (GEI) for disease incidence and yield-related traits (p < 0.05). AMMI analysis confirmed substantial GEI effects on DI% and hundred kernel weight. Genotypes TWC1100, SC30K9, and SC2031 consistently showed the lowest disease incidence and the highest resistance rating index (RRI > 8.3) across both locations, while the susceptible check Boushy recorded the highest DI% and lowest RRI. TWC1100 and SC30K9 also achieved the highest kernel weights at Gemmeiza (42.8 g and 41.5 g, respectively). Stability analysis using AMMI stability value (ASV) identified TWC1100, SC30K9, TWC324, and SC130 as the most stable genotypes. Biochemical analysis revealed that resistant genotypes exhibited higher peroxidase activity and lower electrolyte leakage. Anatomical examination showed superior root structure in resistant genotypes, particularly SC2031. Molecular analysis confirmed the upregulation of PR1 and PR4 genes post-infection, with TWC1100 showing robust expression, while Boushy exhibited minimal gene activation. The integration of agronomic, anatomical, biochemical, and molecular analyses revealed promising maize genotypes with enhanced resistance to late wilt disease (LWD) and stable performance across diverse environments. These findings highlight the potential of these genotypes as valuable candidates for inclusion in breeding programs targeting improved disease resistance and yield stability under varying environmental conditions.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening clinical syndrome with high morbidity and mortality. The main pathological features of ALI are increased alveolar-capillary membrane permeability, edema, uncontrolled migration of neutrophils to the lungs, and diffuse alveolar damage, resulting in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to elucidate the antioxidant activities of flavanols in a rat model of acute lung injury (ALI). PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched to obtain the relevant papers. Nine studies with 343 rat models of ALI were included in this study. We investigated oxidative stress with the corresponding 95% CI. Estimating the correlation and 95% CIs for the inflammatory agents and oxidative stress in the intervention group, compared with that in the control group (ALI), respectively (correlation: 0.635; 95% CI, 0.560–0.699, P value = 0.000, Z value= 12.648) and (correlation: 0.317; 95% CI, 0.189–0.434, P value = 0.00, Z value= 4.7). In conclusion, investigating the effects of different flavanols on oxidative stress in lung injury may provide a useful therapeutic strategy in ALI mouse models. However, the final conclusion on treatment efficacy should be sufficient for prospective controlled randomized trials.