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Gestational weight gain is an important indicator for monitoring nutritional status during pregnancy. However, there are no gestational weight gain references created for adolescents or national datasets to enable the construction of such graphs up to date. This manuscript aims to describe the creation of a Latin American dataset to construct gestational weight gain references for adolescents aged 10–19 years old. Gestational weight gain data from studies conducted in nine countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay) collected between 2003 and 2021 were harmonized. Data on height, weight, and gestational age in at least two gestational trimesters were included. Pregnant adolescents should be free of diseases that could affect weight, and newborns should weigh between 2,500–4,000 g and be free of congenital malformations. The final dataset included 6,414 individuals after data cleaning. Heterogeneity between the countries was assessed by calculating standardized site differences for GWG and z scores of height-for-age. Several imputation procedures were tested, and approximately 10% of the first-trimester weights were imputed. The prevalence of individuals with underweight (1.5%) and obesity (5.3%) was low, which may lead to problems when modeling the curves for such BMI categories. Maternal height and gestational weight gain did not show significant differences by country, according to the standardized site differences. A harmonized dataset of nine countries with imputed data in the first trimester of pregnancy was prepared to construct Latin American gestational weight gain curves for adolescents.

Monitoring gestational weight gain (GWG) throughout pregnancy among adolescents is important for detecting individuals at risk and timely intervention. However, there are no specific tools or guidelines for GWG monitoring of this group. We aimed to construct GWG charts for pregnant adolescents (10–19 years old) according to pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) using a pooled dataset from nine Latin American countries. Datasets from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay collected between 2003 and 2021 were combined after data cleaning and harmonization. Adolescents free of diseases that could affect GWG and who gave birth to newborns weighing between 2,500–4,000 g and free of congenital malformations were included. Multiple imputation techniques were applied to increase the sample size available for underweight and obesity categories. Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape were used to construct the charts of GWG according to gestational age. Internal and external validation procedures were performed to ensure that models were not over-adjusted to the data. The cohort included 6,414 individuals and 29,414 measurements to construct the charts and 1,684 individuals and 8,879 measurements for external validation. The medians (and interquartile ranges) for GWG at 40 weeks according to pre-pregnancy BMI were: underweight, 14.9 (11.9–18.6); normal weight, 14.0 (10.6–17.7); overweight, 11.6 (7.7–15.6); obesity, 10.6 kg (6.7–14.3). Internal and external validation showed that the percentages above/below selected percentiles were close to those expected, except for underweight adolescents. These charts describe the GWG throughout pregnancy among Latin American adolescents and represent a significant contribution to the prenatal care of this group. GWG cut-offs based on values associated with lower risks of unfavorable outcomes for the mother-child binomial should be determined before implementing the charts in clinical practice.

Handgrip strength is a predictor of functional impairment and presence of morbimortality in older adults. However, appropriate reference values and cutoff points are required for its optimal use. This study describes handgrip characteristics in the older adult population of Antioquia-Colombia and compares the dynapenia handgrip cutoffs proposed for Colombians with international criteria. A cross-sectional study including 1592 older adults was done. Dynapenia prevalence by handgrip was analyzed using the following cutoffs: European Consensus of Sarcopenia (2018), Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (2019), Chilean (2018), and Colombian (2019). Handgrip strength significantly decreased with aging, showing a positive and strong association with functional and health parameters. The highest prevalence of dynapenia was found with the Asian Consensus cutoffs (26.1%) and the lowest with the Colombian cutoffs (0.8%). Low agreement was found between the Colombian cutoffs with the European Consensus (kappa = 0.059; p  < 0.001), the Asian Consensus (kappa = 0.039; p  < 0.001) and the Chilean proposal (kappa = 0.053; p  < 0.001). Dynapenia using the Chilean, European, and Asian cutoffs was associated with physical inactivity, presence of multimorbidity, slow gait speed, nutritional risk, and low calf circumference. Meanwhile, the Colombian cutoffs was only associated with slow gait speed and low calf circumference. The handgrip cutoffs proposed for Colombians seems to underestimate the dynapenia prevalence in older people from Antioquia. Furthermore, these cutoff points did not show associations with relevant functional and health parameters. The handgrip cutoffs proposed for Colombians should be used with caution.

RESUMEN: Introducción: la sarcopenia y la fragilidad son importantes síndromes que afectan la salud de las personas mayores. Objetivos: determinar la prevalencia de sarcopenia y fragilidad en personas mayores de Medellín mediante el análisis secundario de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento (SABE) 2015. Métodos: de los datos de la SABE Colombia 2015 se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, antropométricas y de salud en adultos ≥60 años. La sarcopenia fue definida según el Grupo Europeo de Trabajo en Sarcopenia en Personas Mayores 2 (EWGSOP2) y la fragilidad de acuerdo con el fenotipo de Fried y colaboradores. Para identificar los factores asociados con sarcopenia y fragilidad se utilizó regresión logística binaria. Resultados: fueron estudiadas 496 personas para sarcopenia y 451 para fragilidad. En 41 adultos mayores se presentó sarcopenia (8,3%), mientras que 48 fueron frágiles (11,6%). El análisis de regresión logística mostró que el aumento de la edad, no tener ningún nivel educativo y la disminución en los valores del IMC incrementan la probabilidad de generar sarcopenia: la edad (OR 1,08), ningún nivel educativo (OR 4,4), e IMC (OR 0,66); mientras que para la fragilidad resultaron asociados: la edad (OR 1,06), ningún nivel educativo (OR = 5,04) y nivel educativo de primaria (OR 4,56). Conclusiones: la prevalencia de sarcopenia fue inferior a la de fragilidad y ambas condiciones aumentan con la edad y con no tener ningún nivel educativo. Detectar a tiempo estos síndromes y hacer un manejo oportuno contribuirá a disminuir la morbimortalidad y a lograr un envejecimiento saludable.

Aging-associated body composition changes lead to a decrease in muscle mass and strength, affecting the functionality of older adults. Myostatin and musclin are myokines that regulate muscle metabolism and may modulate muscle changes during aging. Our objective was to determine the relationship between myostatin, musclin, and nutritional status with physical functionality in older adults. This was a cross-sectional study of a subsample of a stratified random sampling population survey in community-dwelling 60–90-year-old adults of both sexes. Serum myostatin and musclin concentrations were measured using MILLIPLEX technology (Merck Millipore, USA). Trained personnel recorded body mass index (BMI), and waist (WC), calf (CC), and arm (AC) circumferences as indicators of nutritional status. Functionality tests included handgrip strength (GS), walking speed (WS), and Advanced Activities of Daily Living. Of 101 participants, 55.4% were women, 56.4% were between 60 and 69 years old, 53.5% had abdominal obesity, 23.8% had dynapenia, and 33.7% had low WS. Neither myostatin nor musclin showed significant changes from 60 to 90 years. In a multiple lineal regression model, myostatin showed an inverse correlation with BMI, CC, and AC in men (P < 0.05) but did not explain GS or WS. In a similar analysis, musclin and WC showed an inverse correlation with GS (P < 0.05). Moreover, myostatin was lower in the more physically active men (P < 0.05) but musclin did not show any relationship with the Advanced Activities of Daily Living scale. Myostatin and musclin do not decrease with aging and are associated with nutritional and metabolic status. Musclin is associated with dynapenic obesity in older adults. •Myostatin and musclin was studied in community-dwelling older adults.•Myostatin and musclin do not decrease with aging.•Myostatin is inversely correlated with body mass index and calf and arm circumference.•Musclin is inversely correlated with grip strength.•Musclin is associated with dynapenic obesity in older adults.

Objetivo: Determinar la inseguridad alimentaria y algunas características sociodemográficas asociadas a ella, en hogares de Medellín (Colombia) en los que habitaban adultos de 60 años o más. Metodología: Estudio transversal, de muestreo aleatorio estratificado, por nivel socioeconómico y localización geográfica (urbano-rural). Este estudio se basó en 935 hogares, en los cuales habitaba por lo menos un adulto mayor. La seguridad alimentaria se midió con la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria. Se utilizaron la prueba chi cuadrado (χ2) y odds ratio (or), con intervalos de confianza, para determinar la asociación de la seguridad alimentaria con las demás variables; además, se elaboró un árbol de clasificación, con el propósito de determinar la importancia relativa de las variables para explicar la seguridad alimentaria. Resultados: El 19,2 % de los hogares estaba conformado únicamente por adultos mayores. El 63 % de los hogares evaluados presentaron jefaturas femeninas. La inseguridad alimentaria fue del 55 %, con mayores proporciones en zonas rurales, estratos bajos y cuando se presenta mayor número de personas por hogar (p < 0,05); la inseguridad alimentaria fue más baja en hogares integrados solo por adultos mayores (or = 0,58; p < 0,001), con jefes de hogar de 60 años y más (or = 0,64; p = 0,003) y hogares que no contaban con programas de ayuda alimentaria dirigidos a adultos mayores (or = 0,33; p < 0,001). Conclusión: Este estudio evidencia una alta frecuencia de inseguridad alimentaria en hogares donde viven adultos mayores; además, la edad, el sexo del jefe del hogar y el que este esté conformado solo por adultos mayores son aspectos determinantes de la inseguridad alimentaria.

Objetivo: Describir los factores asociados al cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física (AF) de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, en los adultos de Antioquia. Metodología: Se realizó un análisis transversal de la base de datos del “Perfil alimentario y nutricional de Antioquia”. La AF se indagó en 2757 adultos (18-64 años), utilizando el “Cuestionario mundial de actividad física” de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se hicieron análisis bivariados y multivariados, explorando la relación de variables socioeconómicas, demográficas y de estado nutricional, con el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de AF. Resultados: Se observó una mayor prevalencia de cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de af en hombres que mujeres (60,8 vs. 48,0 %; p < 0,001) y en adultos jóvenes (18-29 años) que en mayores de 29 años (66,8 vs. 49,3 %; p < 0,001). Además, se presentó más alta proporción de cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de af en personas de mayor estrato socioeconómico, mayor nivel educativo y residentes del área urbana. Ser mujer, pertenecer al estrato socioeconómico 1, poseer secundaria o un nivel de educación inferior, y tener como ocupación oficios del hogar se asociaron con una probabilidad menor de cumplir las recomendaciones de AF; por el contrario, ser una persona joven se asocia con un mayor cumplimiento. Conclusión: Son evidentes las desigualdades en el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de af por los adultos de Antioquia. Se deben priorizar las mujeres, las personas mayores de 30 años, de bajo estrato socioeconómico y de bajo nivel educativo en los planes y programas orientados a promover la práctica de la af en el departamento.

Introduction: Nutritional status (NS) of older adults (OA) can be affected by aging as well as by diseases and medication use. Objective: To determine the NS of OA in Antioquia and its relationship with diseases and medication use. Methods: A crosssectional study derived from the 20182019 Antioquia Food and Nutrition Profile (PANA) was conducted. Information from 1816 OA was collected regarding sociodemographic aspects, NS, diseases, and medication use. Binary logistic regression was applied to establish the association of NS with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. Results: The majority of OA were female, aged 6069, and of low educational and socioeconomic status. About 38.5% of OA were overweight, and 20.3% were underweight; according to the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), 33.7% were at risk of malnutrition, and 3.5% were already malnourished. Based on calf circumference, 13.5% were at potential risk of malnutrition, and according to waist circumference, 51.8% had abdominal obesity. Multimorbidity was observed in 49.8% of OA, and polypharmacy in 29.6%. After adjusting for socioeconomic variables, statistically significant associations persisted between multimorbidity and risk of malnutrition (OR = 1.76), malnutrition as per MNA (OR = 5.25), and abdominal obesity (OR = 1.57). Concerning polypharmacy, significant associations were found with the risk of malnutrition as per MNA (OR = 2.04) and abdominal obesity (OR = 1.61). Conclusions: In OA, the risk of malnutrition and abdominal obesity increases multimorbidity and polypharmacy, while malnutrition is only associated with a higher number of diseases.

Objective: To assess the reliability and validity of body weight (BW) and body image (BI) perception reported by parents (in children) and by adolescents in a South American population. Design: Cross-sectional study. BW perception was evaluated by the question, ‘Do you think you/your child are/is: severely wasted, wasted, normal weight, overweight, obese?’ BI perception was evaluated using the Gardner scale. To evaluate reliability, BW and BI perceptions were reported twice, two weeks apart. To evaluate validity, the BW and BI perceptions were compared with WHO BMI Z-scores. Kappa and Kendall’s tau-c coefficients were obtained. Setting: Public and private schools and high schools from six countries of South America (Argentina, Peru, Colombia, Uruguay, Chile, Brazil). Participants: Children aged 3–10 years (n 635) and adolescents aged 11–17 years (n 400). Results: Reliability of BW perception was fair in children’s parents (κ=0·337) and substantial in adolescents (κ=0·709). Validity of BW perception was slight in children’s parents (κ=0·176) and fair in adolescents (κ=0·268). When evaluating BI, most children were perceived by parents as having lower weight. Reliability of BI perception was slight in children’s parents (κ=0·124) and moderate in adolescents (κ=0·599). Validity of BI perception was poor in children’s parents (κ= − 0·018) and slight in adolescents (κ=0·023). Conclusions: Reliability of BW and BI perceptions was higher in adolescents tan in children’s parents. Validity of BW perception was good among the parents o the children and adolescents with underweight and normal weight.

Increased plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with abdominal obesity (AO). However, this association remains controversial in children. This study analyzed plasma FFA concentration in children with and without AO. Twenty-nine children classified with AO were matched by age and sex with 29 non-obese individuals. Blood samples were collected after fasting for 10–12 h. Plasma concentration of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined by automatized methods. FFAs were analyzed by gas chromatography. Children with and without AO had similar age (7.1 ± 2.6 vs. 7.2 ± 2.7 years; p > 0.05) but obese children showed higher (p < 0.05) body mass index (BMI) (+4.3 kg/m2), systolic blood pressure (+5.1 mmHg), and insulin (+27.8 pmol/L). There were no significant differences in plasma total FFA concentration between groups (1.02 ± 0.61 vs. 0.89 ± 0.37 mmol/L; p > 0.05). However, children with AO had higher palmitoleic acid (0.94 vs. 0.70 wt %; p < 0.05) and dihomo-gamma linoleic acid (DHGL) (2.76 vs. 2.07 wt %; p < 0.05). Palmitoleic and DHGL acids correlated (p < 0.05) with BMI (r = 0.397; r = 0.296, respectively) and with waist circumference (r = 0.380; r = 0.276, respectively). Palmitoleic acid correlated positively with systolic blood pressure (r = 0.386; p < 0.05) and negatively with HDL-C (−0.572; p < 0.01). In summary, children with AO have higher plasmatic concentrations of free palmitoleic and DHGL fatty acids, which correlate with cardiometabolic risk factors.