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"Evelina"
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Sources of uncertainty in long-term global scenarios of solar photovoltaic technology
The deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has consistently outpaced expectations over the past decade. However, long-term prospects for PV remain deeply uncertain, as recent global scenarios span two orders of magnitude in installed PV capacity by 2050. Here we systematically compile an ensemble of 1,550 scenarios from peer-reviewed and influential grey literature, including IPCC and non-IPCC scenarios, and apply a statistical learning framework to link scenario characteristics with foreseen PV outcomes. We show that a large portion of the uncertainty in the global scenarios is associated with general features such as the type of organization, energy model and policy assumptions, without referring to specific techno-economic assumptions. IPCC scenarios consistently project lower PV adoption pathways and higher capital costs than non-IPCC scenarios. We thus recommend increasing the diversity of models and scenario methods included in IPCC assessments to represent the multiple perspectives present in the PV scenario literature.Analysis of 1,550 future energy scenarios finds that uncertainty in solar photovoltaic (PV) uptake is mainly driven by institutional differences in designing and modelling these scenarios, rather than PV cost assumptions. This suggests more organizational diversity is needed in IPCC scenario design.
Journal Article
Regional impacts of electricity system transition in Central Europe until 2035
Achieving current electricity sector targets in Central Europe (Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Poland and Switzerland) will redistribute regional benefits and burdens at sub-national level. Limiting emerging regional inequalities would foster the implementation success. We model one hundred scenarios of electricity generation, storage and transmission for 2035 in these countries for 650 regions and quantify associated regional impacts on system costs, employment, greenhouse gas and particulate matter emissions, and land use. We highlight tradeoffs among the scenarios that minimize system costs, maximize regional equality, and maximize renewable electricity generation. Here, we show that these three aims have vastly different implementation pathways as well as associated regional impacts and cannot be optimized simultaneously. Minimizing system costs leads to spatially-concentrated impacts. Maximizing regional equality of system costs has higher, but more evenly distributed impacts. Maximizing renewable electricity generation contributes to minimizing regional inequalities, although comes at higher costs and land use impacts.
Implementation of Central European electricity targets will redistribute regional benefits and burdens. Here the authors show that the aims of cost-efficiency, regional equality, and renewable electricity generation have vastly different implementation pathways, impacts, and trade-offs.
Journal Article
Participation, Responsibility and Choice
Participation, responsibility and choice are key policy framings of active citizenship, summoning the citizen to take on new roles in welfare state reform. Participation, Responsibility and Choice: Summoning the Active Citizen in Western European Welfare States traces the emergence of new discourses and the ways in which they take up and rework struggles of social movements for greater independence, power and control. It explores the changing cultural and political inflections of active citizenship in Germany, Finland, Norway, the Netherlands, France, Italy and the UK, with ethnographic research complementing policy analysis. The editors then look across the volume to assess some of the tensions and contradictions arising in the turn to active citizenship. Two final chapters address the reworking of citizen/professional relationships and the remaking of public, private and personal responsibilities, with a particular focus on the contribution of feminist research and theory.
eBook
Public health burden of antimicrobial resistance in Europe
Most of these estimates are restricted to high-income countries and retrieve data to fit the computation models from national surveillance of clinical samples, prevalence or incidence surveys, and retrospective cohorts.1,2 The high heterogeneity of reporting of surveillance data and the paucity of estimates of the societal effects of antimicrobial resistance (such as reduced productivity due to illness) substantially underestimate the public health burden. A comparative analysis of the burden of foodborne diseases, influenza, tuberculosis, and HIV infection in Europe showed how—by use of incidence, mortality, or DALY rates—the burden of each infection varied substantially.5 The only resistant infection currently included by the Global Burden of Disease study, which assesses and quantifies the effects of diseases on a global level, is tuberculosis caused by resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.6 Cassini and colleagues report the first attempt to quantify DALYs for other resistant infections.4 The tragic scenario depicted in the analysis demands some consideration of the method used. European countries have a heterogeneous organisation of health care, in terms of the number of patients with severe infection and long hospital stays, stewardship teams, or nurse-to-patient ratios, which affect the effectiveness of infection control and antibiotic policy interventions.8 Notably, the two countries with the highest burden have developed national plans to reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance (in November, 2017, for Italy and in October, 2010, for Greece).9,10 Will these plans be the answer to the alarm raised by Cassini and colleagues?
Journal Article
Christopher Columbus's Naming in the 'diarios' of the Four Voyages (1492-1504)
In this fascinating book, Evelina Guzauskyte uses the names Columbus gave to places in the Caribbean Basin as a way to examine the complex encounter between Europeans and the native inhabitants.Guzauskyte challenges the common notion that Columbus's acts of naming were merely an imperial attempt to impose his will on the terrain. Instead, she argues that they were the result of the collisions between several distinct worlds, including the real and mythical geography of the Old World, Portuguese and Catalan naming traditions, and the knowledge and mapping practices of the Taino inhabitants of the Caribbean. Rather than reflecting the Spanish desire for an orderly empire, Columbus's collection of place names was fractured and fragmented - the product of the explorer's dynamic relationship with the inhabitants, nature, and geography of the Caribbean Basin.To complement Guzauskyte's argument, the book also features the first comprehensive list of the more than two hundred Columbian place names that are documented in his diarios and other contemporary sources.
eBook
Intracellular mRNA transport and localized translation
Fine-tuning cellular physiology in response to intracellular and environmental cues requires precise temporal and spatial control of gene expression. High-resolution imaging technologies to detect mRNAs and their translation state have revealed that all living organisms localize mRNAs in subcellular compartments and create translation hotspots, enabling cells to tune gene expression locally. Therefore, mRNA localization is a conserved and integral part of gene expression regulation from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms of mRNA transport and local mRNA translation across the kingdoms of life and at organellar, subcellular and multicellular resolution. We also discuss the properties of messenger ribonucleoprotein and higher order RNA granules and how they may influence mRNA transport and local protein synthesis. Finally, we summarize the technological developments that allow us to study mRNA localization and local translation through the simultaneous detection of mRNAs and proteins in single cells, mRNA and nascent protein single-molecule imaging, and bulk RNA and protein detection methods.High-resolution imaging technologies have revealed that all living organisms localize mRNAs in subcellular compartments, creating translation hotspots that locally tune gene expression. Insight has been gained into the mechanisms of mRNA transport and local mRNA translation, including into the role of messenger ribonucleoproteins and higher-order RNA granules in these processes.
Journal Article
The Use of Photos to Create a New History of Education
Photography has been a heuristic tool of historical documentation since the historiographical revolution introduced it during the twentieth century by the French Annales school, reinforced by more recent historical-educational study models. This paper analyses a series of photos published in 1903 in Italy to document school life in the Mompiano kindergarten in Brescia (Italy), which followed the pedagogical and methodological principles introduced by the sisters Rosa and Carolina Agazzi under the guidance of Pietro Pasquali. The study shows how those photos became a fundamental tool for training educators and spreading an innovative reform experiment in pre-school education for children’s emancipation.
Journal Article
The origins of music in (musi)language
The view of music as a byproduct of other cognitive functions has been deemed incomplete or incorrect. Revisiting the six lines of evidence that support this conclusion, it is argued that it is unclear how the hypothesis that music has its origins in (musi)language is discarded. Two additional promising research lines that can support or discard the byproduct hypothesis are presented.
Journal Article
A low-carbon electricity sector in Europe risks sustaining regional inequalities in benefits and vulnerabilities
Improving equity is an emerging priority in climate and energy strategies, but little is known how these strategies would alter inequalities. Regional inequalities such as price, employment and land use are especially relevant in the electricity sector, which must decarbonize first to allow other sectors to decarbonize. Here, we show that a European low-carbon electricity sector in 2035 can reduce but also sustain associated regional inequalities. Using spatially-explicit modeling for 296 sub-national regions, we demonstrate that emission cuts consistent with net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in 2050 result in continent-wide benefits by 2035 regarding electricity sector investments, employment gains, and decreased greenhouse gas and particulate matter emissions. However, the benefits risk being concentrated in affluent regions of Northern Europe, while regions of Southern and Southeastern Europe risk high vulnerabilities due to high adverse impacts and sensitivities, and low adaptive capacities. Future analysis should investigate policy mechanisms for reducing and compensating inequalities.
The low-carbon electricity sector in Europe can bring overall benefits of new investment, employment, and decreased emissions, but could sustain regional inequalities between Northern and Southern Europe.
Journal Article