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Adult neural stem cells can be isolated from various regions of the rat brain and seem to have multilineage differentiation potential. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that global protein expression of adult neural stem cells isolated from rat hippocampus is changed during in vitro differentiation. After 2 days of differentiation, we separated total protein extracts by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and used mass spectrometry and gel-matching for identification. We detected a differential expression in 367 regulated protein spots, of which 128 could be identified. Regulated proteins included participants in transcription and DNA metabolism; signal transduction and Ca2+-signaling; MAP kinase pathways; cytoskeletal rearrangement; regulation of cell cycle, proliferation, and survival; protein biosynthesis, folding, and degradation; and glycine and glutamate metabolic pathways. These results suggest a massive reorganization of the stem cell proteomic profile upon differentiation and indicate potential cellular targets mediating the differentiation of neural stem cells.

Oxygen isotope records of cores from the central Arctic Ocean yield evidence for a major influx of meltwater at the beginning of the last deglaciation 15.7 thousand years ago (16,650 calendar years B.C.). The almost parallel trends of the isotope records from the Arctic Ocean, the Fram Strait, and the east Greenland continental margin suggest contemporaneous variations of the Eurasian Arctic and Greenland (Laurentide) ice sheets or increased export of low-saline waters from the Arctic within the East Greenland Current during the last deglaciation. On the basis of isotope and carbon data, the modern surface- and deep-water characteristics and seasonally open-ice conditions with increased surface-water productivity were established in the central Arctic at the end of Termination Ib (about 7.2 thousand years ago or 6,000 calendar years B.C.).